Work overview

Section 08 of 37

IMMUNE SYSTEM IN POULTRY

Mechanistic insights into probiotic modulation of the gut–immune axis and their role as sustainable antibiotic alternatives in poultry production: An integrative review

Andreas Berny Yulianto, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Zulfi Nur Amrina Rosyada, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Bodhi Agustono, Mirni Lamid, Kartika Purnamasari, Bima Putra Pratama, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Wasito Wasito, Saifur Rehman, and Muhammad Aviv Firdaus · 2026

Contents

Section 08 of 37

  1. 01INTRODUCTION
  2. 02REVIEW METHODOLOGY
  3. 03BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBIOTICS IN POULTRY
  4. 04DEFINITION OF PROBIOTICS
  5. 05TYPES AND SOURCES OF PROBIOTICS FOR POULTRY
  6. 06STRAIN-SPECIFIC EFFECTS AND QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE
  7. 07GENERAL MECHANISMS OF PROBIOTICS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
  8. 08IMMUNE SYSTEM IN POULTRY
  9. 09MUCOSAL IMMUNITY (GALT)
  10. 10INNATE IMMUNITY
  11. 11ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
  12. 12GUT–IMMUNE AXIS RELATIONSHIP IN POULTRY
  13. 13THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON POULTRY IMMUNITY
  14. 14PROBIOTICS IN INCREASING INNATE IMMUNITY
  15. 15PROBIOTICS AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
  16. 16EFFECTS ON MAJOR IMMUNE ORGANS
  17. 17PROBIOTICS IN REDUCING STRESS AND INFLAMMATION
  18. 18PROBIOTIC–MICROBIOTA INTERACTIONS IN SUPPORTING IMMUNITY
  19. 19THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON DISEASE RESISTANCE IN POULTRY
  20. 20FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SUCCESS OF PROBIOTICS
  21. 21DOSAGE AND DURATION OF ADMINISTRATION
  22. 22DOSAGE FORM
  23. 23STABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO PH AND TEMPERATURE
  24. 24COMBINATION WITH PREBIOTICS (SYNBIOTICS)
  25. 25BACTERIAL STRAINS USED
  26. 26IN OVO AND EARLY-LIFE PROBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION
  27. 27CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF PROBIOTIC USE
  28. 28IMPLICATIONS FOR THE POULTRY INDUSTRY
  29. 29MARKET TRENDS AND REGIONAL ADOPTION PATTERNS
  30. 30SHORT-TERM APPLICABLE STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRY IMPLEMENTATION
  31. 31ILLUSTRATIVE COMMERCIAL CASE EXAMPLES
  32. 32LONG-TERM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT GOALS
  33. 33EMERGING ANALYTICAL APPROACHES
  34. 34FURTHER RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
  35. 35CONCLUSION
  36. 36GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DECLARATION
  37. 37AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
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Work overview

Section 8 of 37

IMMUNE SYSTEM IN POULTRY

Andreas Berny Yulianto, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Zulfi Nur Amrina Rosyada, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Bodhi Agustono, Mirni Lamid, Kartika Purnamasari, Bima Putra Pratama, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Wasito Wasito, Saifur Rehman, and Muhammad Aviv Firdaus · about 1 minutes

Original source ↗

The avian immune system is a complex network of defense mechanisms involving the coordinated action of cellular and humoral components to protect the host against a wide range of infectious agents [78]. This defense system encompasses mucosal immunity, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity, all of which function in an integrated manner and are strongly influenced by the gut microbiota through the gut–immune axis [79]. A comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of this immune system is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of nutritional interventions, including probiotics, in improving poultry health and disease resistance [80].