LIMITATIONS

Despite providing a comprehensive overview of delayed ovulation in cattle, several limitations of this review should be acknowledged. First, the literature on this topic spans more than two decades (2000–2025), and while seminal and foundational studies are included, some earlier findings may not fully reflect the most recent management practices or technological advances. Second, most available studies are descriptive or observational, and controlled intervention trials are limited, which constrains the ability to draw strong causal inferences regarding risk factors or management effectiveness. Third, there is heterogeneity in hormonal thresholds, diagnostic criteria, and measurement techniques across studies, making direct comparisons challenging and complicating the development of universally applicable recommendations. Fourth, the review is narrative rather than systematic, which may introduce selection bias despite structured literature searches and predefined inclusion criteria. Finally, translational challenges exist in applying findings from controlled research settings to diverse farm conditions, production systems, and breeds, where environmental, nutritional, and management variables can influence outcomes differently.

These limitations highlight the need for standardized protocols, multi-center studies, and context-specific evaluation of reproductive interventions. Addressing these gaps in future research will strengthen the evidence base and provide more robust guidance for veterinarians and livestock practitioners in optimizing reproductive management and improving fertility efficiency in cattle.