Section 16 of 32
MOLECULAR OR BIOMARKER APPROACHES
Langgeng Priyanto, Imam Mustofa, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Rimayanti Rimayanti, Deddy Fachruddin Kurniawan, Agung Budiyanto, Oktora Dwi Putranti, Giovani Meyrza Oka Putra Caesar, Jumaryoto Jumaryoto, Adeyinka Oye Akintunde, Bima Putra Pratama, Riza Zainuddin Ahmad, Wasito Wasito, and Saifur Rehman · about 1 minutes
Molecular biomarkers are increasingly applied in research to study delayed ovulation mechanisms [146]. Changes in ovarian function, local inflammation, and metabolic status are reflected in biomarkers such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NEFA, BHB, IGF-1, and insulin [147, 148]. Ovulation involves a controlled inflammatory process, and disruptions in prostaglandins, interleukins, or TNF-α indicate impaired follicle rupture or systemic inflammation [149, 150]. Granulosa cell or follicular fluid analysis can reveal these molecular changes, making them important research indicators [151].
Metabolic biomarkers, including NEFA, BHB, glucose, and insulin, are also valuable for understanding energy balance and reproductive function [152, 153]. Prolonged NEB disrupts steroidogenesis and follicular development, increasing delayed ovulation risk [78, 154].
Despite their diagnostic potential, molecular and hormonal assays are limited by cost, need for laboratory infrastructure, and turnaround time [155]. Thus, their primary use is in research or as complementary tools alongside ultrasonography and clinical evaluation, rather than as standalone diagnostics in routine herd management [156].