Section 11 of 19
Conclusion
Junji Hatakeyama, Ryo Yamamoto, Minoru Yoshida, Kohei Yamada, Kazushige Inoue, Takayuki Irahara, Satomi Ichimaru, Nobuto Nakanishi, Naoki Higashibeppu, Kensuke Nakamura, and Joji Kotani · about 1 minutes
Synbiotics and prebiotics were associated with a lower risk of gastrointestinal symptoms than control, whereas probiotics showed a directionally similar but statistically nonsignificant effect, with no significant differences among active interventions. Subgroup analyses suggested that treatment effects may vary by ICU population, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously because certainty of evidence was not formally assessed and no hierarchy of superiority among biotic classes was established.