Work overview

Section 05 of 19

Outcomes

Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Junji Hatakeyama, Ryo Yamamoto, Minoru Yoshida, Kohei Yamada, Kazushige Inoue, Takayuki Irahara, Satomi Ichimaru, Nobuto Nakanishi, Naoki Higashibeppu, Kensuke Nakamura, and Joji Kotani · 2026

Contents

Section 05 of 19

  1. 01Introduction
  2. 02Methods
  3. 03Search strategy
  4. 04Study selection and inclusion criteria
  5. 05Outcomes
  6. 06Data extraction and risk of bias assessment
  7. 07Statistical analysis
  8. 08Subgroup and sensitivity analyses
  9. 09Results
  10. 10Discussion
  11. 11Conclusion
  12. 12Authors’ contributions
  13. 13Consent for publication
  14. 14Ethics approval and consent to participate
  15. 15Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process
  16. 16Funding
  17. 17Availability of data and material
  18. 18Data availability
  19. 19Declaration of competing interest
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Work overview

Section 5 of 19

Outcomes

Junji Hatakeyama, Ryo Yamamoto, Minoru Yoshida, Kohei Yamada, Kazushige Inoue, Takayuki Irahara, Satomi Ichimaru, Nobuto Nakanishi, Naoki Higashibeppu, Kensuke Nakamura, and Joji Kotani · about 1 minutes

Original source ↗

The primary outcome was the incidence of new-onset gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, increased gastric residual volume, and constipation, over the study period. As these symptoms reflect distinct pathophysiological processes, diarrhea and increased gastric residual volume (GRV) or feeding intolerance were also analyzed separately. Other secondary outcomes were mortality, ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation duration, infectious complications, and adverse events.