Work overview

Section 04 of 19

Study selection and inclusion criteria

Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Junji Hatakeyama, Ryo Yamamoto, Minoru Yoshida, Kohei Yamada, Kazushige Inoue, Takayuki Irahara, Satomi Ichimaru, Nobuto Nakanishi, Naoki Higashibeppu, Kensuke Nakamura, and Joji Kotani · 2026

Contents

Section 04 of 19

  1. 01Introduction
  2. 02Methods
  3. 03Search strategy
  4. 04Study selection and inclusion criteria
  5. 05Outcomes
  6. 06Data extraction and risk of bias assessment
  7. 07Statistical analysis
  8. 08Subgroup and sensitivity analyses
  9. 09Results
  10. 10Discussion
  11. 11Conclusion
  12. 12Authors’ contributions
  13. 13Consent for publication
  14. 14Ethics approval and consent to participate
  15. 15Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process
  16. 16Funding
  17. 17Availability of data and material
  18. 18Data availability
  19. 19Declaration of competing interest
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Work overview

Section 4 of 19

Study selection and inclusion criteria

Junji Hatakeyama, Ryo Yamamoto, Minoru Yoshida, Kohei Yamada, Kazushige Inoue, Takayuki Irahara, Satomi Ichimaru, Nobuto Nakanishi, Naoki Higashibeppu, Kensuke Nakamura, and Joji Kotani · about 1 minutes

Original source ↗

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling critically ill adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to the ICU for any medical, surgical, or trauma-related condition were included. Eligible interventions comprised prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics, which were compared with the control. Control conditions were defined as placebo or usual care; enteral formulas containing dietary fiber as part of usual care were also considered controls.