Acknowledgments

Financial support for this work was provided by the 10.13039/501100001665Agence Nationale de la Recherche (N° ANR-22-CE18-0021-01) (20-PAMR-0005), and the 10.13039/501100010095Région Hauts-de-France (DOS0190627/00 – Start-AIRR BPI Program). The authors thank the European Fund for Regional Economic Development (HDF 003447), the Région Hauts-de-France, French State, Lille European Metropolis (MEL) for their financial support within the CPER RESISTOMICS program (2021-2027). This work is supported by the ANRS-MIE N° ANRS0521 (Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les hépatites virales-Maladies Infectieuse Emergentes). Financial support for this work was also provided by the FHU Respire (CIBLe Project) and the Fondation Université de Lille. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-5 mini, 2026 version) and DeepL Translate (version 25.50, DeepL SE, 2026) were used to assist with language rephrasing and translation. All outputs were carefully reviewed and validated by the authors to ensure accuracy and originality. The figures were partly created using Servier Medical Art templates, provided by Servier, which are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License (http://smart.servier.com). The figures were partly created using BioRender. Dagan, Y. (2026) (https://BioRender.com/y4mcdyo). We are deeply grateful to Alain Baulard and Philip Supply for their careful reading of our manuscript and for their helpful advice, which greatly improved the clarity and quality of this review.