Literature search strategy

The literature included in this review was identified through searches of PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of keywords related to tuberculosis and coinfection, including “tuberculosis,” “Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” “latent tuberculosis infection,” “coinfection,” “superinfection,” “secondary infection,” “viral infection,” “bacterial infection,” “fungal infection,” “parasitic infection,” “protection,” and “susceptibility.” Studies were selected based on their relevance to interactions between Mtb infection and secondary pathogens, as well as their contribution to understanding the underlying immunological mechanisms. We sought to include clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies and to provide representative examples across different classes of pathogens whenever possible. Given the broad scope of the topic and the diversity of pathogens involved, the review was not intended to be exhaustive.