Supporting information

Figure S1: Global distribution of age‐standardized rates (per 100,000) of CNS tumors in 1990. (A) Age‐standardized incidence rate in 2021. (B) Age‐standardized death rate in 2021. (C) Age‐standardized DALY rate in 2021. ASDALYR, age‐standardized DALY rate; ASDR, age‐standardized death rate; ASIR, age‐standardized incidence rate; CNS, central nervous system; DALY, disability‐adjusted life year.

Figure S2: Local drift and age distribution for CNS tumors from 1992 to 2021 across SDI quintiles. (A) Local drift of incidence from 1992 to 2021 for CNS tumors. (B) Local drift of mortality from 1992 to 2021 for CNS tumors. The dots and shaded areas indicate the annual percentage change (% per year) and the corresponding 95% CIs. CNS: central nervous system; SDI: socio‐demographic index.

Figure S3: Age, period, and birth cohort effects on morality of CNS tumors by SDI quintiles. (A) The age effect is depicted through the longitudinal rates specific to age, which are adjusted for variations across different birth cohorts, taking into account the period‐specific deviations. (B) Period effects are shown through the relative risk of mortality of brain and CNS tumors during different periods, calculated as the ratio of the age‐specific rates from the period from 1992–1996 to 2017–2021, with the baseline period set as 1992–1996. (C) Birth cohort effects are demonstrated by the cohort relative risk of mortality and calculated as the ratio of age‐specific rates from 1972–1981 cohort to 2012–2021 cohort, with the reference cohort set at 1992–2001. The dots and shaded areas denote the incidence rates or rate ratios and their corresponding 95% CIs. CNS, central nervous system; SDI, socio‐demographic index.

Table S1: The numbers and age‐standardized rates with 95% UI for CNS tumors in 1990 and 2021. Abbreviations: ASDALYR, age‐standardized DALY rate; ASDR, age‐standardized death rate; ASIR, age‐standardized incidence rate; CNS, central nervous system; DALY, disability‐adjusted life year; UI, uncertainty interval.

Table S2: Age‐standardized incidence rate of CNS tumors across four age groups in 1990 and 2021. Abbreviation: CNS, central nervous system.

Table S3: Age‐standardized death rate of CNS tumors across four age groups in 1990 and 2021. Abbreviation: CNS, central nervous system.

Table S4: Age‐standardized DALY rate of CNS tumors across four age groups in 1990 and 2021. Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; DALY, disability‐adjusted life year.

Table S5: Age‐standardized rates of CNS tumors of age < 20 years in 1990 and 2021. Abbreviations: ASDALYR, age‐standardized DALY rate; ASDR, age‐standardized death rate; ASIR, age‐standardized incidence rate; CNS, central nervous system; DALY, Disability‐adjusted life years.

Table S6: Net drifts and local drifts of CNS tumors from 1992 to 2021 across SDI quintiles. The value of the net drift and local drift indicates the average annual percentage change (% per year), and the corresponding 95% CIs are displayed by “CI_Low” and “CI_High.” Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; SDI, socio‐demographic index.

Table S7: Observed and projected (2022–2036) global age‐standardized rates of CNS tumors from 1990 to 2036. Abbreviation: CNS, central nervous system.

Table S8: ASIR and ASDR of CNS tumors between different countries from 1990 to 2021. Abbreviations: ASDR, age‐standardized death rate; ASIR, age‐standardized incidence rate; CNS, central nervous system.

Table S9: The numbers of age, period, and birth cohort effects of CNS tumors by SDI quintiles. The “Rate” and “RateRatio” indicate the estimated value by age‐period‐cohort model, and the corresponding 95% CIs are displayed by “CI_Low” and “CI_High.” Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; SDI, socio‐demographic index.

Table S10: SDI values for all estimated GBD 2021 locations and the range of different SDI quintiles. Abbreviation: SDI, socio‐demographic index.