9. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Marine Ecology

Coral reefs play a vital role in marine ecosystems, supporting diverse organisms and providing essential services to society [185]. However, despite their ecological and economic significance, it is projected that by 2030, around 60% of coral reefs worldwide will be at risk due to both global factors, such as ocean warming from increased CO2 emissions, as well as local impacts like water pollution, coastal development, and overfishing [186]. While addressing ocean warming and local stressors is crucial for preserving coral reefs, there is a growing emphasis on proactive strategies to bolster the natural resilience of corals to withstand environmental pressures. One such strategy involves manipulating the microbiomes associated with corals, known as BMCs [179]. Though still in its early stages, this approach shows promise in enhancing coral health, potentially boosting resistance and resilience in coral populations, and aiding in the recovery of damaged reefs [187]. BMCs can improve coral fitness through symbiotic relationships with the host, facilitating nutrient cycling within the holobiont [188], and warding off potential pathogens through biological control mechanisms. The concept of the “coral probiotic hypothesis” suggests that microbial communities in coral mucus and tissue layers serve as a defense against pathogens and help corals adapt to changing environmental conditions. Figure 9 provides an illustration of the benefits of probiotics and prebiotics in marine ecosystems.

Figure 9: The benefits of probiotics and prebiotics in the marine ecosystem.