Conclusion and recommendation

This study identified a substantial theory–practice gap in nursing education. The quantitative findings showed that most students reported the existence of a gap and identified institutional factors such as type of hospital and limited learning resources as significant contributors. The qualitative findings indicated institutional disconnection between universities and hospitals, inadequate clinical preparation, and weak communication between theoretical and clinical instructors. Triangulating these findings showed that both structural and educational factors contributed to the persistence of the theory–practice gap. Addressing these issues requires stronger collaboration between academic institutions and clinical facilities, improved clinical supervision, and better integration of theoretical teaching with practical training.

Therefore, higher education institutions in the west and southwest Shewa Zones should strengthen both theoretical and clinical teaching by increasing the number of qualified clinical instructors, as well as improving communication between theoretical and clinical educators. Universities should organize regular training workshops to enhance clinical teaching skills and bridge the theory–practice gap. In addition, stronger collaboration between universities and healthcare institutions should be established in line with Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education standards to improve clinical learning environments and ensure the effective integration of theory and practice.