Conclusions

In summary, we have demonstrated a quaternary ammonium surfactant-mediated strategy to construct porous MoS2/C heterostructures with N-doped carbon layers chemically linked to MoS2 via Mo–N bridging. This chemically integrated architecture effectively strengthens interfacial stability, expands the interlayer spacing of MoS2, and facilitates fast electron/ion transport. The optimized heterostructure delivers outstanding electrochemical performance as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, including excellent cycling stability retaining ~ 100% capacity after 800 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, and superior rate capability. Beyond batteries, it also demonstrates excellent performance in lithium-ion supercapacitors, achieving stable cycling over 10,000 cycles. This work provides a versatile design strategy for constructing chemically integrated heterostructure electrodes for high-performance and durable electrochemical energy storage devices.