Full report

Original page 1

NASA/TM-1999-206892, Vol. 3 SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone, Editors Volume 3, The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Stanford B. Hooker, Giuseppe Zibordi, Gordana Lazin, and Scott McLean March 1999

Original page 2

The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA maintain this important role. The NASA STI Program Office is operated by Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA STI Program Office provides access to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional mechanism for disseminating the results of its research and development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA's counterpart of peer-reviewed formal professional papers but has less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations. • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, working papers, and bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and technical findings by NASA-sponsored contractors and grantees. CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected papers from scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or historical information from NASA programs, projects, and mission, often concerned with subjects having substantial public interest. TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English-language translations of foreign scientific and technical material pertinent to NASA's mission. Specialized services that complement the STI Program Office's diverse offerings include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results... even providing videos. For more information about the NASA STI Program Office, see the following: Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at http://www, sti.nasa.gov/STI-homepage.html E-mail your question via the Internet to help@sti.nasa.gov Fax your question to the NASA Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0134 • Telephone the NASA Access Help Desk at (301) 621-0390 Write to: NASA Access Help Desk NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7121 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Original page 3

NASA/TM-1999-206892, Vol. 3 SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Stanford B. Hooker, Editor NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Elaine R. Firestone, Senior Technical Editor SAIC General Sciences Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland Volume 3, The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Stanford B. Hooker NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Giuseppe Zibordi Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy Gordana Lazin Dalhousie University Halifax, Canada Scott McLean Satlantic, Inc. Halifax, Canada National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 March 1999

Original page 4

ISSN 1522-8789 Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7121 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Price Code: A17 National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price Code: A10

Original page 5

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean ABSTRACT This report documents the scientific activities during the first Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin (SeaBOARR-98) experiment, which took place from 5 17 July 1998, at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) in the northern Adriatic Sea off the coast of Italy. The ultimate objective of the SeaBOARR activity is to evaluate the effect of different measurement protocols on bio-optical algorithms using data from a variety of field campaigns. The SeaBOARR-98 field campaign was concerned with collecting a high quality data set of simultaneous in-water and above-water radiometric measurements. The deployment goals documented in this report were to: a) use four different surface glint correction methods to compute water-leaving radiances, Lw (A), from above-water data; b) use two different in-water profiling systems and three different methods to compute Lw (A) from in-water data (one making measurements at a fixed distance from the tower, 7.5 m, and the other at variable distances up to 29 m away); c) use instruments with a common calibration history to minimize intercalibration uncertainties; d) monitor the calibration drift of the instruments in the field with a second generation SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM-II), to separate differences in methods from changes in instrument performance; and e) compare the Lw(A) values estimated from the above-water and in-water measurements. In addition to describing the instruments deployed and the data collected, a preliminary analysis of the data is presented, and the kind of follow-on work that is needed to completely assess the estimation of Lw(A) from above-water and in-water 1. INTRODUCTION From 5 17 July 1998, an international group was demeasurements is discussed. The prioritization of the activities was deemed necessary to ensure rational sampling choices in the event of adverse environmental conditions. As it turned out, the weather ployed to the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) in provided a sufficient amount of environmental conditions the northern Adriatic Sea off the coast of Italy. The team consisted of scientists and technicians from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Space Applications Institute (SAI) Marine Environment Unit of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the Istituto per lo Studio della Dinamica delle Grandi Masse (ISDGM) of the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dalhousie University, and Satlantic, Inc. The science team from these organizations is given in AppendLx A. Although most of the institutes involved participated independently, the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Project provided additional funding to different aspects of the activity to ensure the availability of the needed elements. The purpose of the deployment was to make in-water to assemble a complete and comprehensive data set. The deployment was called the first SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin (SeaBOARR-98) experiment, because the ultimate objective is to evaluate the effect of the different measurement protocols on bio-optical algorithms from a variety of field campaigns. This report details the first steps in that long-term analysis. Spectral water-leaving radiance, Lw(A), is the central physical quantity for bio-optical studies in the upper ocean. Whether determined from below- or above-surface measurements, Lw(A) must be accurately measured. The Sea- WiFS Project, for example, requires Lw(A) uncertainties be 5% or less (Hooker et al. 1993a). This is thought to be routinely achievable for in-water measurements in Case- 1 waters, but the uncertainty associated with above-water measurements has not been well quantified. The main diffiand above-water radiometric measurements in support of culty for the latter is associated with correcting the abovethree activities (listed from highest to lowest priority): 1. Continue an ongoing time series of bio-optical measurements that are used by the European Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (COASTS) activity and the SeaWiFS Project; 2. Validate a tower-shading correction methodology for the AAOT that was devised after a previous set of experiments (Zibordi et al. 1999); and 3. Collect a high quality data set of simultaneous inwater and above-water radiometric measurements along with a suite of bio-optical parameters. water observations for the effect of surface waves which introduce significant fluctuations into the glint and reflected sky light components of the surface radiance field. The problem is made more difficult by the presence of clouds which increase the fluctuations and associated uncertainties. At present, there are several methods for surface glint correction which were developed for different conditions in which remote measurements are made, i.e., clear or cloudy sky, and Case-1 or Case-2 water: Austin (1974); Morel (1980); Carder and Steward (1985); Bukata et al. (1988); Mueller and Austin (1995), the so-called SeaWiFS 1

Original page 6

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign andLazin(1998).Hereafter,levels supported by four large pillars. Each level is approtocol;Leeet al. (1996); andasfurther proximately 7.2 m× 5.2 m in size with the exception of the Morel(1980),CarderandSteward(1985) the MuellerandAustin lowest level which is 5.2 m x 5.2 m. explainedin Leeet al. (1996), arereferred The first (lowest) tower level, about 4.5m above the (1995)SeaWiFSprotocol,andLazin(1998) to asMS0,C85,$95,andL98,respectively. water, has an open grid deck and no facilities. The second in useare level is approximately 7 m above the water and contains a Thein-wateranalysistechniquescurrently method, workshop, two 12 kW diesel-powered electrical generators, basedprimarilyonthe SmithandBaker(1984) hereafterreferredto as$84. Variationsarederivedfrom a portable scientific laboratory, and storage spaces for a to large complement of lead-acid batteries, fuel tanks, etc. whatmeasurementprocedures(andplatforms)areused dataispropagatedAt this level, a special open grid platform, 3.5 m wide, exacquirethedata,andhowthein-water wereimple- tends 6.5 m over the sea towards the southeast and provides to the surface.Two alternativetechniques that is freelyavailablemounting points for instruments to be deployed above, or mentedin the ProSoftt software with Satlantic,into, the sea. The Wire-Stabilized Profiling Environmenfor processingbio-opticaldatacollected instruments.The two alterna- tal Radiometer (WiSPER) package is deployed from this Inc.$(Halifax,Canada) buoyto measureplatform. Also located on this level is the water filtering tive ProSoftmethodsrely on a surface andare and hydrography laboratory. The third deck contains the thein-waterradiancefieldcloseto theseasurface to main laboratory, which is also the primary accomodations categorizedaccordingto whenthe optionswereadded sothe twoare space (with room for five people to stay overnight). The ProSoft,whichoccurredin 1994and1997, The fourth (upper-most) deck, at about 13 m above the water, referredto hereafterasP94andP97,respectively. SeaBOARR-98goalsdocumentedherewereto: 1. Usefour surfaceglint correctionmethods(M80, C85,$95,andL98)to computeLw(A) from abovewater data; 2. Use two in-water profiling systems and three inwater analysis methods ($84, P94, and P97) to compute Lw(A) from in-water data; 3. Use radiometers with a common calibration history to minimize intercalibration uncertainties; 4. Monitor the calibration drift of the instruments in the field with a second generation SeaWiFS Quality Monitor, the so-called SQM-II, to separate differences in methodologies from changes in instrument performance; and 5. Compare the results to the Lw(A) values estimated from the above-water and in-water measurements. 2. INSTRUMENTATION The AAOT is located approximately 15 km east of the city of Venice (12.5083°E,45.3139°N). The water depth immediately below the tower is about 17 m and the composition of the nearby sea floor is primarily sand and silt. The tower was built in 1975 and is owned and operated by CNt{/ISDGM in Venice. The tower is composed of four t ProSoft is a bio-optical data analysis and visualization program from the Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie contains a wind generator, solar panels, a variety of meteorological instruments, communications antennae, plus freshwater and seawater storage tanks. Although the primary reason for selecting the AAOT for SeaBOARR-98 was the ongoing use of the tower by a rigorous group of optical oceanographers (JRC and CNR), the other reasons were its stability (towers do not pitch and roll like ships), and its proximity to a strong coastal front. The water around the tower can be Case-1 or Case-2 depending on whether the coastal front is pushed onshore or off. The opportunity for sampling different water types within one field campaign was very appealing. For SeaBOARR-98, the total number of optical systems deployed on the tower was increased from one (WiSPER is permanently installed on the tower) to six: a) The miniature NASA Environmental Sampling System (miniNESS), b) The recently modified SeaWiFS Surface Acquisition System (SeaSAS), c) The WiSPER system, d) The Dalhousie University SeaWiFS Aircraft Simulator (DalSAS), e) The Dalhousie University Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor (DalBOSS), and f) An SQM-II, which was set up in the water filtering and hydrography laboratory. Detailed descriptions of each system are given in Sections 2.1 2.6, respectively, so only a brief introduction is given University (Halifax, Canada); it is written using MatLab m_/_ here. The two in-water profilers are miniNESS and WiSsoftware from Mathworks, Inc. (Natick, Massachusetts), and is available from raptor, ocean, dal. ca. $ Identification of commercial equipment to adequately specify or document the experimental problem does not imply recommendation or endorsement, nor does it imply that the equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. PER; SeaSAS and DalSAS are above-water instruments, and DalBOSS makes both types of measurements. The SQM-II and all of the radiometers used with the miniNESS, SeaSAS, WiSPER, DalSAS, and DalBOSS instruments, were manufactured by Satlantic, Inc. This commonality in equipment was not accidental; the SeaBOARR

Original page 7

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Table1. Channelnumbersandcenterwavelengths(innanometers)fortheradiometersusedwithSeaBOARR-98 radiometricsamplingsystems.Thesensorsystemsaregivenwiththeirindividualsensorcodeswhichareformed froma one-letterdesignatorfor thetypeof sensor,plusa two-digitserialnumber(S/N).All of the channels have10nmbandwidthsexceptthe DalSASinstrumentsforwhichthe412,443,490,510,and555nmchannels have20nm bandwidths.Notethat theM99sensorwasthe solarirradiancereferencefor bothminiNESSand SeaSAS,but it is onlyshownonceforminiNESS. Channel miniNESS SeaSAS WiSPER DalSAS DalB OSS Number R35 I40 M99 $69 $28 R46 1 411.1 411.5 411.5 412.6 412.7 412.3 2 442.9 442.5 442.8 442.4 443.1 442.8 3 489.9 489.3 489.9 491.3 489.5 490.5 4 509.7 509.6 510.3 510.3 510.1 510.8 5 554.8 555.4 554.5 554.1 554.8 554.9 6 665.0 665.7 664.8 669.8 670.0 665.8 7 683.1 683.2 683.2 683.6 682.5 683.9 8 9 10 11 12 13 science team decided this was the easiest way to ensure redundacy and intercalibration. Another reason for relying on one manufacturer was it greatly simplified calibration monitoring with the SQM-II, since all the radiometers had identical outer dimensions, which meant the SQM-II did not have to be repeatedly reconfigured. I71 $64 S09 M20 M93 Q33 N48 411.3 412.7 412.7 412.6 412.5 406.5 405.1 442.9 443.5 444.0 443.2 443.5 412.2 412.4 490.2 490.0 491.5 491.5 490.0 435.3 435.6 510.1 781.9 780.7 781.6 781.7 443.4 442.9 554.8 510.9 510.5 509.8 509.3 455.9 456.1 665.6 554.6 554.4 554.6 554.4 489.9 489.3 683.6 666.4 665.3 665.6 665.8 510.4 510.4 531.6 531.5 554.6 554.5 590.3 590.4 665.1 664.8 670.0 670.0 700.6 700.6 sensors quantify the vertical orientation () of the profiler as it falls through the water. The WiSPER package makes the same measurements as miniNESS, L(z) and Ea(z), but it is winched up and down the water column between two taught wires, so it has no need for tilt sensors. In addition, the Ea sensor can be rotated 180 ° to measure E_ (z). SeaSAS, WiSPER, miniNESS, and DalSAS all use 7- DalBOSS is a floating buoy, so it can measure Ea(O+) well channel ocean color radiance series 200 (OCR-200) senclear of any perturbative effects associated with the susors, as well as 7-channel ocean color irradiance series 200 perstructure of the tower. A downward-looking radiance (OCI-200) sensors. Both radiometers utilize 16-bit analogto-digital (A/D) converters and are capable of detecting light over a four-decade range. DalBOSS is equipped with both 13-channel OCI and OCR series 1000 radiometers (OCI-1000 and OCR-1000, respectively), which employ 24sensor at the bottom of the buoy measures the upwelled radiance at a depth (z0) close to the sea surface, L_(zo). The SeaSAS instruments measure the indirect (or sky) radiance reaching the sea surface, L_(0+), and the (total) radiance right above the sea surface, LT(O+). The latbit A/D converters plus gain switching, and are capable of ter is composed of three terms: the radiance leaving the detecting light over a seven-decade range. A benefit of assembling (nearly) identical equipment from the participating investigators was the wavelengths and bandwidths (10 nm) for the different instruments were very similar. A summary of the radiometer wavelengths and their sensor codes is given in Table 1. This made it much easier to make substitutions in the event of failures. For example, shortly after deploying to the tower, the original irradiance reference for miniNESS malfunctioned (the power and telemetry unit would fail intermittently); sea surface from below (the so-called water-leaving radiance), the direct sunlight reflecting off the surface (the so-called sun glint), and the indirect sky light reflecting off the surface (the so-called sky glint). A separate sensor measures Ea(O +) which, in this case, is the same sensor used with miniNESS (the output of the irradiance sensor is sent to both data acquisition systems). DalSAS makes the same measurements as SeaSAS, Li(0 +) and LT(O+), but the surface-viewing radiometer looks through a square aperture that can be blocked with a gray plaque, so it can a spare reference was used as a substitute with no loss of also measure the radiance of the plaque, Lp(O+). Two sepfunctionality and no interruption to data acquisition. The miniNESS profiler measures upwelled radiance and downwelled irradiance as a function of depth, L_(z) and Ea(z), respectively. A separate sensor measures the total solar irradiance (the direct plus the indirect or diffuse components) just above the sea surface, Ea(O+). Internal tilt arate sensors are used to measure the total and indirect (or diffuse) solar irradiance just above the sea surface, Ea(O +) and Ei (0+), respectively. In addition to paying close attention to the optimal viewing capabilities of each instrument system, some instruments were equipped with sensors that measured their 3

Original page 8

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign viewingangles.SeaSAS,for example,had an external To facilitate tracking of the radiometric instruments modulethatmeasuredthevertical(two-axis)tilts andhor- during SQM-II sessions, each light sensor was assigned a izontal(compass)pointingoftheradiometers(theso-calledcode. A summary of the instruments, along with their DIR-10unit); miniNESSandDalBOSShadinternalsen- primary physical measurements (in terms of vertical samsormodulesthat measuredthevertical(two-axis)tilts of pling) and sensor codes is given in Table 2. theradiometers.Ageneralizedcoordinatesystemforthese pointingsystemsis givenin Fig.1. [-_ Top View ]-_ Side View y (North) o ..@ (Zenith) "'&:, 01" x "_ Radiometer (Nadir) where where O" = z - o- =0- 7 Fig. 1. The coordinate systems used for instrument pointing: a) looking down from above (the z-axis is out of the page), and b) looking from the side (the y-axis is out of the page). The ¢ coordinate is the solar azimuth angle, 0 is the solar zenith angle, and is the radiometer pointing angle with respect to the vertical axis, z. The perturbations (or tilts) in vertical alignment, which can change the pointing angles, are given by . Note that ¢ is measured with respect to an arbitrary reference, in this case due north, and _ is measured with respect to nadir (the direction pointing straight down to the sea surface). The angle ' corresponds to the angle measured with respect to the zenith (the direction pointing straight up from the sea surface). The basic data sampling activity involved collecting data from all of the instruments as simultaneously as possible, so hand-held radios were used to coordinate the beginning and ending of sampling intervals. Although it would have been preferable to have all of the instruments sampling the smallest patch of water possible, space limitations on the tower did not permit this. The DalSAS instrument had to be mounted on the top-most deck, which has a numher of superstructure obstacles (wind generator, antenna masts, etc.), so to ensure unperturbed viewing of the sea surface during most of the day, two locations were chosen (Fig. 2). Depending on the time of day, this instrument was moved from one site to the other. 4 Table 2. A summary of the radiometers used during SeaBOARR-98 along with their primary physical measurement (in terms of their vertical sampling) and their sensor codes. System Sensor Measure Code miniNESS OCR-200 L (z) R35 OCI-200 Ed(z) 140 OCI-200 Ed(0 +) M99 SeaSAS OCR-200 Li(0 +) $69 OCR-200 LT(0 +) $28 OCI-200 Ed(0 +) M99 DIR-10 ,¢ D01 WiSPER OCR-200 L (z) R46 OCI-200 Ed(z) 171 DalSAS OCR-200 Li(O +) $64 OCR-200 LT(O +) S09 OCR-200 Lp(O +) S09 OCI-200 Ed(O÷) M20 OCI-200 E(O+) M93 DalBOSS OCR- 1000 L_ (z0) Q33 OCI-1000 Ed(0 +) N48 In addition to the above-water and in-water optical measurements, a variety of other data were collected to help characterize the optical properties of the AAOT site: 1. Seawater temperature and salinity by CTD measurements, plus tide level; 2. Seawater attenuation and absorption profiles at nine wavelengths by AC-9 measurements; 3. Pigment analyses using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique; 4. Particle size distribution of sea water particles by Coulter Counter analysis with a Multisizer-II; 5. Direct sun irradiance and sky radiance measurements by CE-318 measurements; 6. In vivo spectral absorption of particulate matter (PM) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) through spectrophotometric techniques; 7. Atmospheric pressure, humidity, and temperature, plus wind speed and direction; and 8. Total suspended matter (TSM) through gravimetric filter analysis. 2.1 miniNESS The miniNESS profiler is a tethered free-falling instrument. It is a variant of the Low-Cost NASA Environmental

Original page 9

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Fig. 2. The AAOT showing the permanently installed locations of the instruments used during SeaBOARR-98 Fourth Deck 13m (Met. Instruments) Third Deck l Om (Main Laboratory) Second Deck 7m (Optics Platform) First Deck 4.5m (Primary Access) equipment (circles with numbers) and the deployment (squares with letters). The different levels are shown in the right-most panel along with their heights above the water. The installed inventory is as follows: 1) WiSPER, 2) conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) profiler, 3) water filtering and hydrography laboratory, 4) main lab and accommodations space, 5) meteorological instruments, and 6) wind generator. The deployment locations for SeaBOARR-98 were a) miniNESS (the irradiance reference sensor for miniNESS and SeaSAS was deployed on a mast located on the eastern corner of the fourth deck), b) SeaSAS, c) WiSPER, d) DalSAS (two deployment points for DalSAS are shown and the irradiance reference sensors were located at the left-most location), and e) DalBOSS. Sampling System (LoCNESS) which is built up from components used with the SeaWiFS Optical Profiling System (SeaOPS) on Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises (Robins et al. 1996). An in-air irradiance sensor (M99) measured the incident solar irradiance just above the sea surface, Ea(O +, A). The irradiance sensor was packaged with a DATA-100 module (as an integral unit) that converted the analog output of the OCI-200 radiometer to RS- 485 serial communications. For SeaBOARR-98, the sensor package was mounted on a mast on the top-most tower deck (eastern corner). The height and location of the mast ensured none of the tower's superstructure shadowed the sensor under almost all illumination conditions. A summary of the data collected with the miniNESS profiler and its reference is presented in Appendix B. A schematic of 5

Original page 10

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign the instrumentsusedwith theminiNESSprofileris given measured during each profile, makes it one of the most in Fig.3. Total (Direct plus Indirect) @ Solar Irradiance () Upwelled Radiance () Downwelled Irradiance B Lu(x,z,),q)) Ed(x,z,),9) F/uorometer (Not Used During SeaBOARR-98) Fins DATA- 1O0 miniNESS Fig. 3. A schematic of the miniNESS profiler. The free-fall aspects of the miniNESS design are derived from the SeaWiFS Free-Falling Advanced Light Level Sensors (SeaFALLS) profiler which is based on a Satlantic SeaWiFS Profiling Multichannel Radiometer (SPMR). In the SeaFALLS design, 13-channel OCR-1000 and OCI-1000 sensors are connected in line with power and telemetry modules (24-bit A/D converters for the light sensors) to form a 1.24m long cylinder. The OCR-1000 is oriented as the nose to measure L_(z, A), and the OCI-1000 as the tail to measure Ed(z,A). The addition of weight to the nose and buoyant (foam) fins to a tail bracket produces a rocket-shaped package that falls through the water column with minimum tilts (less than 2°). The power and telemetry cable extends through the field of view of the irradiance sensor, but the small diameter of the cable (7 mm) minimizes any negative effects on the measured light field. The LoCNESS profiler is built out of modular, low-cost components: a DATA-100 (with 16-bit A/D converters) for power and telemetry, and 7-channel OCR-200 and OCI-200 sensors. In the LoCNESS configuration, the DATA-100 and the two light sensors are connected in line using extension brackets, with the OCR-200 at the nose, and the OCI-200 at the tail. The LoCNESS profiler can also be built with the Three-Headed Optical Recorder (THOR) option, in which case an adapter plate is used on the nose to permit the mounting of two sensors rather than one: the usual L_(z, A) sensor plus an additional E_(z, A) senversatile profilers in use today. The LoCNESS profiler is 1.78 m long with the light sensors separated by the DATA-100 and the extension brackets. This is not an optimal configuration for the shallow, Case-2 water frequently encountered at the AAOT site, so a more compact (0.73m long) profiler was produced by mounting a radiance sensor (R35) on one fin, an irradiance sensor (I40) on the fin opposite the radiance sensor, and dispensing with the extension brackets. As with LoCNESS, the light sensors send their analog signals to a DATA-100 (S/N 8), which digitizes them (16 bits) and converts the counts to RS-485 serial communications. A comparison of miniNESS with LoCNESS and SeaFALLS is shown in Fig. 4. A three-headed version of miniNESS capable of also measuring E_ was recently built (for JRC). This profiler is longer than the two-headed version, because the DATA-100 needs another A/D module and an extension bracket must be added to the nose to accommodate the E_ sensor. A flared metal cage is also added to the nose to protect the E_ sensor against accidental bottom impact. Putting light sensors on the fins destabilizes the profiler (although, tilts less than 2 ° have been regularly achieved on AMT cruises by carefully trimming the profiler with the added weight), and it makes the L_ sensor more susceptible to shading. This problem was minimized by choosing where the mechanical termination was with respect to the sensors and the sun. In general, the two sensor fins, which are 180 ° apart, will align perpendicular to the mechanical termination when the cable is pulled in to bring the profiler to the surface (before a profile). To minimize L_ sensor shading, all that is required is to choose which of the other two fins should be used for the mechanical termination, so the L_ sensor aligns towards the sun. The RS-485 signals from the two DATA-100 units were combined in a Satlantic deck box and converted to RS-232 communications for computer logging. The deck box also provided the (computer-controlled) power for all the sensors and was designed to avoid instrument damage due to improper power-up sequences over varying cable lengths. The RS-232 data were logged on a Macintosh PowerBook computer using software developed at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) and the SeaWiFS Project. The software time stamps the two data streams (inwater and above-water measurements) and writes them to disk simultaneously. The data is stored as American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), tabdelimited (spreadsheet) files. The software controls the logging and display of the data streams as a function of sor. The two nose sensors do not disturb the stability of the data collection activity being undertaken: dark data the profiler during descent. In fact, THOR has the smallest and most stable tilts of all the profilers. This stability, and the fact that three components of the light field are (caps on the radiometers), down cast, SQM calibration monitoring, etc. The selection of the execution mode automatically sets the file name, so all the operator has to

Original page 11

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Fig. 4. A side-by-side comparison of the three free-falling profilers discussed in this report: THOR (back), SeaFALLS (middle), and miniNESS (front). THOR is 1.78 m long, SeaFALLS is 1.24m long, and miniNESS is 0.73 m long. The numbered bullets on the miniNESS do is push buttons to initiate and terminate data acquisition. All of the telemetry channels can be displayed in real time, and the operator can select from a variety of plotting options to visualize the data being collected. 2.2 SeaSAS SeaSAS was equipped with three radiometers. One radiance sensor ($69) measured the indirect (or sky) radiance, L_(0+); a second radiance sensor ($28) measured the total radiance right above the sea surface, LT(0+); and a separate irradiance sensor (M99) measured Ed(0 +) (this was the same sensor used with miniNESS). In addition to the radiometers, SeaSAS was equipped with a DIR-10 which measured the pointing geometry and stability (vertically and horizontally) of the SeaSAS frame. The SeaSAS frame is a unique device consisting of a pedestal and two rails with sensor mounting plates connected to a gear box which is free to rotate in the horizontal (azimuthal) plane. The gear box allows the two rails to move in a scissor-like fashion (i.e., when one is moved up a certain amount, the other moves down by the same amount); thus, if one rail is positioned 40 ° up from the vertical, the other rail will be 40 ° down from the vertical. A DATA-100 was mounted on the rail pointed skyward, so it could digitize the Li(0 +) and the DIR-10 signals. The other rail was pointed seaward and contained the LT(O +) sensor fitted to a second DATA-100 in a single, integral sensors correspond to the same bullets in Fig. 3. package. A generalized schematic of what SeaSAS measured is presented in Fig. 5 and two views of the SeaSAS system deployed in the field is presented in Fig. 6. A summary of the data collected with the SeaSAS instruments is given in Appendix C. ;(,o, ) N_N -- g" -'0 @ Indirect (Sky) Radiance () Total (Above Surface) Radiance (_) Angular Position SeaSAS Fig. 5. A schematic of the SeaSAS instruments. 7

Original page 12

The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Fig. 6. The SeaSAS frame in two different angular configurations during AMT-6: a) # _ 40 °, and b) # _ 60 ° (the exaggerated tilting is for demonstration purposes only, although, the saturation threshold of the DIR-10 sensors permits tilts up to 67°). The numbered bullets on, or near, the sensors correspond to the same bullets in Fig. 5. The long black cylinder is the DATA-100 which takes the data from the Li and DIR-10 sensors. The LT sensor is permanently attached to its (white) DATA-100 module. When not in use, the two rails can be locked together in the _ 90 ° position which prevents large accelerations during adverse environmental conditions. As with the in-water profilers, the SeaSAS light sensors sent their data to DATA-100 units which sent the digitized data back to the deck box that was providing power for the equipment. The RS-485 signals from the two DATA-100 units were combined in the deck box and converted to RS-232 communications for computer logging. The RS-232 data were logged on a Macintosh Power- Book computer using a variant of the software developed for the profiling instruments. The software time stamped the two data streams (in-water and above-water measurements) and wrote them to disk simultaneously. The data was stored as ASCII, tab-delimited (spreadsheet) files. One of the design objectives of the SeaSAS frame was to be able to make the sea and sky radiance measurements with only one radiometer. Although this has the disadvantage of increasing the amount of time to make a complete set of measurements, it has the advantage of eliminating any intercalibration differences between the sensors. It also means a smaller (and, therefore, less costly) amount of equipment is needed to make the measurements. The SeaSAS frame can be readily moved in between the two viewing stations, so the only other requirement is to have execution modes in the software that distinguish between these data collection scenarios. The software controls the logging and display of the data streams as a function of the data collection activity being undertaken: dark data (caps on the radiometers), sea and sky viewing, sea-only viewing, sky-only viewing, SQM calibration monitoring, etc. As with the miniNESS software, the selection of the execution mode automatically sets the file name, so all the operator has to do is push buttons to initiate and terminate data aquisition. This makes it very easy for one operator to control the acquisition of several data streams. All of the telemetry channels are displayed in real time, and the operator can select from a variety of plotting options to visualize the data being collected. The user can also choose to collect data over a three-minute interval (three minutes at 6Hz produces 1,080 data samples, which is a sufficient amount for standard time series spectral analysis). This feature was used repeatedly during SeaBOARR-98 to synchronize the different acquisition systems.

Original page 13

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean 2.3 WiSPER The WiSPER system is permanently installed on the AAOT and is operated from the 6.5 m platform extension on the second level. WiSPER uses a custom-built profiling rig, and the positioning of the equipment on the rig was developed with a geometry that ensures the radiometers do not view any part of the mechanical supports. The radiometers are mounted on an extension boom, which puts them 1 m away from the main part of the frame and approximately 7.5m from the nearest tower leg (the boom can be raised to permit easy access to the sensors). Two taut wires anchored between the tower and the sea bottom prevent the movement of the rig out of the vertical plane defined by the wires. The narrow geometry of the rig was designed to provide a minimal optical cross section. The field of view of the irradiance sensor is obstructed by the power and telemetry cable, as well as the stabilization wires, but all of these have very small cross sections and the cables are more than 1 m away from the sensors, so any negative effects are minimized. The rigidity and stability of the rig was carefully considered, so there was no need for tilt or roll sensors. WiSPER uses the same kind of optical sensors as mini- NESS: one OCI-200 (I71) to measure Ed(z,A) and one OCR-200 (R46) to measure Lu(z, A). The former is held in a special bracket that can be rotated 180 °, so Ed or E_ measurements can be made with this sensor. Usually three sets of up and down profiles are made each time a measurement sequence is initiated: the first and third to collect Ed and L_ profiles, and the second for E_ and L_. The E_ measurements were used for Q-factor estimation. A generalized schematic of what WiSPER measured is presented in Fig. 7 and a diagram of the tower shading experiments showing the equipment and their relative positioning with respect to one another is shown in Fig. 8. J Fig. 7. A schematic of the WiSPER system. A DATA-100 (S/N 5) provides the A/D and telemetry capability for the WiSPER instruments. The equipment is powered directly from 12 V lead-acid batteries which are stored and kept charged on the tower. WiSPER is raised and lowered from the southeastern side of the tower by an electrical winch, although, the power and telemetry cables are spooled out and taken in by hand (an easy exercise because of the shallow water depth). The typical speed of the winch is approximately 0.1ms 1. In addition to the light sensors, the WiSPER frame also contains an AC-9. The light sensor and AC-9 data are logged on PCs using software supplied by the manufacturers. A picture of the system being deployed is shown in Fig. 9, and a summary of the data collected with the WiSPER system is presented in Appendb: D and Appendix E. The self-shading correction of WISPER data required two extra data sets: a) a Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow- Band Radiometer (MFR-6) which automatically collected Ed(0 +, A) and E_(0 +, A), and b) in vivo absorption of particulate matter and CDOM. Both of the latter are needed to apply the Gordon and Ding (1992) correction scheme as parameterized by the sun zenith angle by Zibordi and Ferrari (1995), and further parameterized as a function of the size of the radiometer by Mueller and Austin (1995). A field campaign was performed from 3 21 July 1997, to estimate the shading effect induced on in-water radiance and irradiance measurements taken in the immediate vicinity of the AAOT (Zibordi et al. 1999). Sequences of downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance profiles were collected at varying distances from the tower to evaluate the tower shading effects as a function of the deployment distance (these measurements were performed with the first LoCNESS instrument). The experimental data, as well as results from a Monte Carlo model, indicated the shading effect at 555 nm during clear-sky conditions was negligible for both downwelling irradiances and upwelling radiances at deployment distances greater than 15m and 20m, respectively. At closer distances, for example at the 7.5 m deployment distance regularly used at the AAOT for the collection of WiSPER data, the shading effect was much larger: at 555 nm during clear-sky conditions and a relatively low sun zenith angle of 22 ° , the shading effect was approximately 2% for downwelling irradiance and about 8% for upwelling radiance. These large effects indicated a correction method was needed for in-water optical data collected near the tower, if the 5% uncertainty objectives of the SeaWiFS Project were to be achieved. Consequently, a correction method based on Monte Carlo simulations was formulated. The evaluation of the capability of the Monte Carlo model in simulating radiance and irradiance measurements at the tower site produced satisfactory results. The intercomparison between experimental and theoretical data showed mean differences within 2.4% for radiance and 3.1% for irradiance. Although the code validation with field data was restricted to a single experiment (because of the 9

Original page 14

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Fig. 8. The WiSPER package being lowered into the water. The numbered bullet on the sensors corresponds to the same bullets in Fig. 7. difficulty in performing the needed measurements under the required environmental conditions), the result of the intercomparison suggested a viable operational correction method can be constructed for tower shading effects based on the Monte Carlo simulations. One of the SeaBOARR-98 objectives was to validate this correction methodology. 2.4 DalSAS The DalSAS system is similar in design to the SeaSAS, but is optimized for aircraft remote sensing applications and was specially modified for this campaign. The Dal- SAS instrument telemeters a full scan of all channels every 100 ms (all channels are sampled within a 400 #s period) as opposed to 167ms for SeaSAS. All data from this system were logged at full temporal resolution to allow for optimal correction of glint contaminated signals. The irradiance sensors have a cosine response for each wavelength, but the radiance sensors have a 3 ° half-angle field of view. When the latter were mounted on the tower (13.5 m above the water), the viewing spot on the sea surface was approximately 2m for all seven channels at a distance of 11.3m from the tower base. as tries, as are naturally found in the field, are likely to add The DalSAS frame provided the same functionality the SeaSAS frame, but with a less sophisticated design. The light sensors were mounted on movable plates which were mechanically secured at the desired viewing angle (a protractor was used to set the viewing angles during SeaBOARR-98). The largest mounting plate was designed 10 to accommodate the light sensor that measured the total radiance just above sea surface (S09). A square aperture was situated in the field of view of this sensor, so a gray plaque could be inserted before (or after) each surfaceviewing sequence. This permitted the sequential measurement of LT and Lp with the same radiometer. The Li sensor ($64) was fitted to a smaller plate that was always pointed skyward. Two in-air irradiance sensors measured the total solar irradiance just above the sea surface (M20), Ea(0 +, A), and the indirect (or diffuse) irradiance just above the sea surface (M93), E,(0 +, A). The gray plaque used in this campaign was a 25 cm (10inch) gray SpectralonTM plaque from Labsphere, Inc. (North Sutton, New Hampshire), with a nominal 10% reflectance (SRT 10 100). This reflectance value permits radiometers with typical above-water saturation values to make this measurement without saturating (approximately 6 #W cm 2 nm i sr 1). Unlike the 99% reflectance of pure (white) Spectralon plaques, which are usually used for radiometric calibration, gray plaques are much less lambertian, because of the added impurities of the black doping material. Variations in viewing and illumination geomesignificant variance in this measurement. According to the Labsphere product catalog, for example, a 20% plaque will have a 2% higher reflectance at 45 ° (compared to 8 °) and +5% at 61 ° for A 600 nm (for a 99% plaque these values are -0.6% at 45 ° , and -0.5% at 61°).

Original page 15

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean radiome-were connected to the same DATA-100. The S09 sensor The useof a 99%plaqueandsky-viewing of approx- was integral to the DATA-100, and the $64 sensor was caters(thelatter havetypicalsaturationvalues imately60#Wcm 2nm lsr 1) would reduce the uncertainty in measurements, because of the significant nonlambertian reflectivity of gray plaques. The homogeneity of the plaque should be checked at a minimum of four spots on the plaque surface, and variations greater than 2% between the spots should eliminate the use of the plaque for any validation work. A directional/directional (i.e., 0o/45 °) plaque calibration, instead of the standard directional/hemispherical calibration was used for this campaign, since this was closer to the actual field geometry (2545 ° illumination/50 ° viewing). Although Spectralon is very hydrophobic, it readily absorbs grease and oil which are very difficult to remove and can cause significant variance in calibrations. Special precautions must be taken to avoid touching the diffusive material and to avoid long exposure to marine aerosols. During this campaign, the plaque was kept in a padded, air tight enclosure when not in use and only exposed during the measurement sequences. It was always wrapped in acid-free paper during transport and storage before and after the field campaign. A generalized schematic of what DalSAS measured is shown in Fig. 9. The two irradiance sensors were mounted on the top of the tower, but in a location that allowed an operator to occult the Ei diffusers with a lollipop. A side view of the DalSAS from deployed on the tower is shown in Fig. 10. The latter shows the plaque frame with the square aperture centered in the field of view of the LT sensor (the plaque is not present in the picture). A summary of the data collected with DalSAS is presented in Appendix F. Total (Above Su r- + _ _ + _ / () face)or (Gray) Ed(O ,A) Ei(O ,A) J Plaque Radiance )-]- /N. vj'¢ . , ,. ( Indirect (Diffuse) I_, y Li(A,O, o) Irradiance -OR- 0 Lp(2,¢,O) Theplaqueis moved in and , out of the field , \ .................._ of view. DalSAS Fig. 9. A schematic of the DalSAS system. Like SeaSAS, the radiometers used with DalSAS were connected in a modular fashion. The two radiance sensors bled into an extra port. With this arrangement, the two sensors took and reported data (via RS-485 serial communications) simultaneously. The irradiance sensors were also connected to one DATA-100. The M20 sensor was integral to the DATA-100, and the M93 sensor was cabled into an extra port. Again, this arrangement allowed the two sensors to take and report data (via RS-485 serial communications) simultaneously. 2.5 DalBOSS DalBOSS is a variant of the SeaWiFS Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor (SeaBOSS) which was first deployed on the AMT-5 cruise (Aiken et al. 1998). SeaBOSS is based on a Satlantic SeaWiFS Multichannel Surface Reference (SMSR) and is composed of an in-air OCI-1000 sensor (N46) which measures the incident solar irradiance immediately above the sea surface, Ed(0 +, A). DalBOSS is basically the same as SeaBOSS: an in-air OCI-1000 sensor (N48) measures Ed(0 +,A), but an additional OCR-1000 sensor (Q33) is fitted to the bottom of the sensor package. This downward-looking sensor measures the upwelled radiance right below the sea surface, L_(zo, A). For Sea- BOSS and DalBOSS, the sensor package is fitted inside a removable buoyant collar, so it can be deployed on a mast or as a tethered buoy. The irradiance sensor protrudes up above the flotation collar, so one of the difficulties with this system is keeping the irradiance sensor dry during each deployment session. During the AMT-5 cruise, several experiments were conducted with SeaBOSS to determine how best to cheaply and effectively float an in-air sensor away from a ship while keeping it dry and minimizing tilts while it was deployed. Experiments were also conducted with another type of surface reference called the SeaWiFS Square Underwater Reference Frame (SeaSURF), which is composed of an in-water irradiance sensor, Ed(z0, A), suspended below a tethered, square floating frame. Rigging SeaSURF with elastic stabilizing cords greatly minimized the tilts associated with the ambient wave field, so it was decided to combine the two flotation systems with SeaBOSS. After several trials, an acceptable arrangement was engineered wherein two sets of elastic stabilizing cords fitted between the frame and the body of the irradiance housing: one at the top of the flotation collar and one at the bottom of the sensor cylinder. The elastic cords significantly absorbed the wave motion and kept the sensor package more oriented towards the vertical. It was also noted that the flotation collar can be moved down the cylinder to expose a retaining plate that normally keeps the flotation collar from working up the cylinder. If this is done, the retaining plate acts like a splash plate, and helps keep water off the irradiance diffusers. A generalized schematic of what DalBOSS measured during SeaBOARR-98 is presented in Fig. 11. 11

Original page 16

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Fig. 10. The DalSAS frame on the northeast side of the tower. The numbered bullets on or near the sensors correspond to the same bullets in Fig. 9. The long white cylinder is the DATA-100 which is integral with the LT (and Lp) sensor. The Li sensor is attached to a movable plate which can be secured at the desired viewing angle. A similar mechanical system is used with the DATA-100. The long black cylinder in the background is the Ed(0 +, A) sensor for miniNESS and SeaSAS. Buoyant "* Collar Buoyant _ .........Y Atic Frame __._/,,j.,. CoJjSta_liz"g Lu (z o , ),q)) DalBOSS Fig. 11. A schematic of the DalBOSS system. 12 During SeaBOARR-98, DalBOSS was deployed in the AMT-5 SeaBOSS configuration (Fig. 12). It was lowered into the water from the southwestern side of the tower and taken away by small boat, whereupon, it was tied to an anchor approximately 50 m from the tower. The sea and wave field was usually minimal, so there was little chance that the DalBOSS buoy would pull against the marker buoy (which would accentuate the tilting of the sensor package), and there was no need to push the flotation collar down and use it as a splash plate. A summary of the data collected with the DalBOSS system is presented in Appendix G. The RS-485 signals from the SMSR unit were combined in a Satlantic deck box and converted to RS-232 communications for computer logging. The deck box also provided the (computer-controlled) power for the sensors. The RS- 232 data were logged on a Macintosh PowerBook computer using the aforementioned software developed by RSMAS and the SeaWiFS Project. The two data streams (inwater and above-water measurements) are time stamped and written to disk simultaneously. The software controls the logging and display of the data streams as a function

Original page 17

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Fig. 12. SeaBOSS deployed during AMT-6. The numbered bullet on the sensor corresponds to the same bullet in Fig. 11. Note the splash plate right above the flotation collar. of the data collection activity being undertaken: dark data (caps on the radiometers), down cast, constant depth soak, up cast, etc. All of the telemetry channels are displayed tively. Each lamp set was aged for approximately 50 hours before deploying the SQM to the field. The interior light chamber has bead-blasted aluminum walls, so the diffuse in real time, and the operator can select from a variety of component of the reflectance is significant. The lamps illuplotting options to visualize the data being collected. 2.6 SQM-II The SQM is a compact light source developed by NASA and NIST for monitoring the radiometric stability of raminate a circular plastic diffuser protected by safety glass and sealed from the environment by o-rings. The diffuser is resilient to ultraviolet yellowing, but can age nonetheless. The exit aperture is 20cm in diameter and has a spatial uniformity of 98% or more over the interior 15 cm circle. A faceplate or shadow collar provides a mounting asdiometers used to measure the in situ optical properties of sembly, so the device under test (DUT), usually a radiance seawater while they are being deployed in the field. The engineering design and characteristics of the SQM are described by Johnson et al. (1998), so only a brief description is given here. A separate rack of electronic equipment, composed principally of two computer-controlled power supplies and a multiplexed, digital voltmeter (DVM), are an essential part of producing the stable light field. The SQM does not have, nor does it require, an absolute calibration, but it has design objectives of better than 2% stability during field deployments. The SQM has two sets of halogen lamps with eight lamps in each set; both lamp sets are arranged symmetrically on a ring and operate in series, so if one lamp fails, the entire set goes off. The lamps in one set are rated for 1.05 A (4.2 V) and are operated at 0.95 A, and the lamps in the other set are rated for 3.45 A (5.0V) and are opas of instruments from different manufacturers. Radiometers erated at 3.1A; the lamp sets are hereafter referred to the 1 A and 3 A lamps, respectively. The lamps are operated at approximately 95% of their full amperage rating to maximize the lifetime of the lamps. A low, medium, and high intensity flux level is provided when the 1 A, 3 A, and both lamp sets are used, respecor irradiance sensor, can be positioned in the shadow collar. The DUT has a D-shaped collar fitted to it at a set distance, 3.81cm (1.5inch), from the front of the DUT. This distance was chosen based on the most restrictive clearance requirement of the radiometers used in the different deployment rigs. The D-shaped collar ensures the DUT can be mounted to the SQM at a reproducible location and orientation with respect to the exit aperture each time the DUT is used. The former minimizes uncertainties (principally with irradiance sensors) due to distance differences between measurement sessions, while the latter minimizes uncertainties (principally with radiance sensors) due to inhomogeneities in the exit aperture light field. In either case, the D-shaped collar keeps these sources of uncertainties below the 1% level. The SQM faceplate can be changed to accept a variety above a certain size, approximately 15 cm, would be difficult to accomodate, but the entire mounting assembly can be changed to allow for reasonable viewing by seemingly difficult to handle radiometers. To date, three radiometer designs have been used with the SQM, and there were 13

Original page 18

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign noproblemsin producingtheneededfaceplates,D-shaped(which use the same lamps as the original SQM), heatcollars,or supporthardwareto accomodatetheseunits. ing and cooling subsystems, control circuitry, the system TheSQMlightfieldcanchangebecauseof avarietyof computer, plus display and data storage. effects;forexample,thepresenceoftheDUT,theagingof The SQM-II system is designed to be self contained thelamps,a deteriorationin theplasticdiffuser,a changeand does not require a PC to operate. Only two cables are in thetransmittanceoftheglasscover,adriftin thecontrol required to complete system assembly (an AC power cord electronics,arepositioningof amechanicalalignment,etc. for the deck box and a DC power cord to link the deck box To accountfor thesechanges,threephotodiodes,whoseto the SQM-II). Although this integration reduces system temperaturesarekeptconstantwith a precisionthermo- complexity, it comes with increased vulnerability: a failure light in any one of the subsystems can render the entire system electriccooler(-4-0.01K),measurethe exit aperture in the bluepart of the inoperable with no opportunity for simply swapping in a level:the first hasa responsivity and new (external) subassembly, like a power supply or DVM. spectrum,thesecondin the redpartofthespectrum, the third hasa broad-bandor white response. All three internal monitors view the center portion of the exit aperture. The back of the SQM is cooled by a fan to prevent a build up in temperature beyond what the thermoelectric cooler can accomodate. The SQM has an internal heater to help maintain temperature stability in colder climates and to shorten the time needed for warming up the SQM. Another SQM quality control procedure is provided by three special DUTs called fiducials: a white one, a black one, and a black one with a glass face (the glass is the same as that used with the field radiometers). A fiducial has the same size and shape of a radiometer, but is nonoperational. The reflective surface of a fiducial is carefully maintained, both during its use and when it is not being used. Consequently, the reflective surface degrades very slowly, so over the time period of a field expedition, it remains basically constant. A field radiometer, by comparison, has a reflective surface that is changing episodically from the wear and tear of daily use. This change in reflectivity alters the loading of the radiometer on the SQM and is a source of variance for the monitors inside the SQM that are viewing the exit aperture, or the radiometer itself when it is viewing the exit aperture. The time series of a fiducial, as measured by the internal monitors, gives an independent measure of the temporal stability of the light field. The SQM has been used to track changes in instruments between calibrations and on four cruises lasting approximately 5 6 weeks each (Hooker and Aiken 1998). Although there was some controversy at the design stage about running the lamps below their rated current (approximately 95% of rating), there has been no observable degradation in the performance of the lamps as a result of this indeed, they have survived long shipment routes (US to UK to Falkland Islands and back) on repeated occasions, as well as the high vibration environment of a ship. The SQM is clearly a robust instrument well suited to the task of calibration monitoring in the field. Satlantic, Inc., developed the SQM-II as a commercial version of the SQM and based the design on the original. The main difference with the new unit is the high degree of integration. The entire system consists of two components, a deck box that provides DC power to the SQM-II, and the SQM-II itself. The latter contains the lamp rings 14 As was done with the original SQM, Satlantic recommends running the SQM-II on an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), and this was done during SeaBOARR-98. A picture of the SQM-II in the water filtering and hydrography laboratory on the AAOT with DalBOSS mounted to the front is shown in (Fig. 13). A summary of the data collected with the SQM-II is presented in AppendLx H. User input to start and monitor the system is via a simple 4-button keypad and a 4× 20 fluorescent display at the rear of the device. Commands can be entered using the menus on the display or remotely from a PC. A PC can also be connected to the system to log data during a calibration evaluation and radiometric testing (CERT) session, or the data can be stored internally in a flash card and downloaded later. The differences between the two SQM units are not restricted to their control architecture. The SQM-II has many improvements that use of the original unit has shown to be desirable under different circumstances: 1. The bulbs are mounted at the front, facing away from the exit aperture, which increases the average path length of the light emitted by each bulb, and it makes it easier to service the lamps (individually and as a subassembly); 2. The light chamber is lined with Spectralon, so the emitted flux is higher, and the aperture uniformity is greater; and 3. At 490nm, the SQM-II is about seven times more intense than the SQM (the apparent blackbody temperature of the SQM-II is 3,100K, whereas, the SQM is about 2,400 K); Although the greater flux of the SQM-II is a desireable attribute for the blue part of the spectrum, the high output in the red saturates many in-water field radiometers. This was subsequently corrected by adding a blue filter to the exit aperture. 2.7 AC-9 Spectral attenuation c(A) and absorption a(A) of seawater particulate plus dissolved matter were measured at 412, 440, 488, 510, 555, 650, 675, 715, and 750 nm making use of an AC-9 with a 25cm pathlength. AC-9 profiles

Original page 19

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Fig. 13. TheSQM-IIin thewaterfilteringandhydrographylaboratoryontheAAOTwithDalBOSSmounted to thefront. (and 2.8 HPLC weretakenat thesametimeastheWiSPERprofiles alsotemporallyoverlappedtheminiNESSprofiles)assummarizedin AppendixE. Datawerecalibratedmakinguse Phytoplankton pigment concentrations were analyzed WETLabs, using the HPLC method (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of the factorsprovidedby the manufacturer, and 1994 and Jeffrey et al. 1997). Seawater samples (21) were Inc. (Philomath,Oregon).Thecalibratedabsorption (T) and filtered immediately after collection through glass fiber illattenuationdatawerecorrectedfor temperature salinity(S)effects.These,inducedby T-S differences between seawater and the pure water used for laboratory calibration, have been removed by applying (A) ,(A) - [C0(A)(T - T') + CI(A) S], (1) where re(A) is the measured absorption a(A) or attenuation c(A) at wavelength A, rh(A) is the corresponding value ters (GF/F with a nominal pore size of 0.7 #m) and stored in liquid nitrogen for successive analysis in the laboratory. Pigment extraction was carried out by placing each filter in 5 mL of 100% acetone (accounting for the 0.8 mL of water retained on the filter, the final volume was 5.8 mL with 86% of acetone). To correct for any error induced by evaporation or experimental losses during the extraction and centrifugation, 100mL of Canthaxenthin (used as an internal standard) corrected for temperature and salinity effects, T and S were added to each sample. The samples were then ground are the temperature and salinity of seawater during field measurements, T 1 is the temperature of water during caliand left for 4 hours in the dark at -20°C for pigment extraction. Samples were successively centrifuged for 5 minbration, and Co and C1 are spectral constants provided by utes and filtered using a syringe with a 0.45 #m filter. Five the manufacturer. Absorption coefficients were corrected for scattering effects, which induce overestimate of absorption because of the finite acceptance angle of the instrument. The scattering effects, by assuming that the absorption coefficient of particulate and dissolved material is zero at the reference wavelength A0 715 nm and that the shape of the volume scattering function is independent of wavelength (Zaneveld et al. 1992), have been removed by applying a(A) 5(A)- 5(,o)((,)-5(A)) (2) where Ap is the peak pigment area (square meters), (Ao) - a(Ao) ' where () means scattering corrected and (^) means salinity and temperature corrected. minutes before the injection, 500 mL of the filtrated extract were mixed with 150 mL of MilliQ water and injected into the HPLC system through a 200 mL loop. From the peak pigmented area (Ap) obtained from the HPLC chromatogram, the concentration Cp (#gL 1) of each pigment was computed from ApVV_fp Cp A_VI , (3) is the internal standard weight (micrograms), VI is the volume filtered (liters), A8 is the internal standard area (square meters), and fp is the relative response factor for 15

Original page 20

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign eachpigment.Thelist of analyzedpigmentsincludechlo- 2.10 CDOM Absorption rophylla, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, chlorophyllide a, 19 lbutanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 191-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, zeaxanthin, alloxanthin, peridinin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and carotene. A summary of the samples collected for pigment analyses are given in the HPLC Pigment Log (Appendix E). 2.9 PM Absorption The in vivo absorption coefficient of aquatic particles retained on filters, ap(A) (per meter), were determined with a dual-beam spectrophotometer (a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 19) equipped with a 60 mm diameter integrating The CDOM or yellow substance absorption coefficient, ays(A) [m 1], was determined using a dual-beam spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer Lambda 12). Water samples (700 mE) were filtered through 0.22#m cellulose membrane filters and refrigerated at 4°C in an amber glass bottle with the addition of a solution of 10 g L 1 of NaN3 to inhibit aerobic bacteria. The laboratory analyses, which were carried out within a few days, were performed in the spectral range 350 750 nm with lnm resolution. Spectrometric measuremeAts were taken by placing a 10cm cuvette containing MilliQ water in the optical path of the reference beam, and a 10 cm cuvette containing CDOM in the optical path sphere. Water samples (21) were filtered through GF/F ill- for the samples. ters under low vacuum pressure (less than 120mmHg) to prevent particle breakage and pigment degradation. The filters were placed on petri slides and stored in liquid nitrogen. The measurement methodology described by Tassan and Ferrari (1995) was used to determine the total absorption, ap(A), of equivalent particle suspension in the 400 750Am spectral range (with 1Am resolution). For completeness, the whole suite of relationships applied to spectrophotometric measurements made for deriving ap(A), are presented here. According to Tassan and Ferrari (1995), ap(A) is obtained from ap(A) 2.3 Asus(A) (4) FAEu where V_ is the volume (cubic meters) of filtered water, FA is the filter clearance area (square meters), and Asus(A) is the absorbance of the equivalent particle suspension given by As_s(A) 0.42358(A) + 0.4795_(A), (5) where 1 &(A) log [1 a_(A)], (6) 1 - pT(A) + RI(A)[pT(A )-pR(A)] (7) 1 + Rf(A)pT(A)T(A) In this formulation, (7), RI(A ) is the filter reflectance, pT(A) and pR(A) result from the measurements in transmimssion and reflectance modes, respectively, and _-, an instrument-dependent function, is given by _- 1.171 - 0.26157(A) + 0.0001372(A) (8) where A summary of the samples collected during SeaBOARR-98 for particulate analyses are given in the Particulate Absorption Log (Appendix E). 16 The spectral absorption coefficient, ays(A), was derived from the measured absorbance Ays(A) resulting from the difference between the sample absorbance and the reference absorbance (Ferrari et al. 1996), from ays(A ) 2.3 Ays(A) (10) Lc ' where L¢ is the pathlength of the cuvette. A summary of the CDOM Log is given in Appendix E. 2.11 TSM TSM was obtained from the net weight of the material collected on GF/F filters following the technique of Strickland and Parsons (1972). A volume of seawater (21) was filtered through pre-washed, pre-ashed and pre-weighed GF/F filters. During filtration, lmL of 4% formalin per liter of seawater was added to the water sample to prevent any plankton from multiplying (which would change the composition of the sample). After seawater filtration, the filter (i.e., filtration area and border) was washed with distilled water, dried in an oven at 65°C for 24 hours, and then stored in a desiccator before being weighed on an electrobalance. The concentration of TSM (grams per cubic meter) was calculated from the weight difference of the filters before and after filtration divided by the volume of the sampled water. 2.12 Sun Photometer The CE-318 sun photometer is made by CIMEL Electronique (Paris, France) and is an automatic system measuring the direct sun irradiance plus the sky radiance in the sun and almucantar planes. The system, powered by solar panels and batteries, is composed of three parts: a) a sensor installed in a alto-azimuthal platform; b) an altoazimuthal platform with the rotational axes (azimuthal and zenithal) controlled by stepping motors; and c) a programmable unit controlling measurement sequences, sun and sky pointing, and data logging. A summary of the Sun Photometer Log is given in Appendix E.

Original page 21

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Theopticalpart ofthesensoris composedof twocol- sb: spectral bands (10nm wide and centered at 415, 500, limatorswith 1.2° full anglefieldof view(oneusedfor 615, 673, 870 and 940nm) and in one broad band (apskyradiancemeasurementsandthe otherusedfor both proximately ranging from 400 1,100nm). The detector is skyradianceanddirectsunirradiancemeasurements),acomposed of a filter-photodiode mounted in a temperaturefilterwheelwithsixfilters(with10nmbandwidthandcen- controlled enclosure whose input aperture is a cosine colter wavelengthsat 340,380,440,670,870,and1,020nm), lector made of a Spectralon disc coupled to a Spectralon anda darkmaskfor dark currentmeasurements.Two integrating cavity. The non-cosine response of the collecultraviolet-enhancedsilicondetectors(onefor each collimator) ensure a reliable measurement range between 340 1,020 nm (Fig. 14). Fig. 14. A picture of the CIMEL system. The direct sun irradiance measurements (for the aerosol optical thickness retrievals) are taken at regular air mass intervals in all of the spectral channels. Sky radiance measurements are only performed at 440, 670, 870 and 1,020nm. Basic sky radiance measurements are taken at different airmasses in the almucantar and sun plane at a broad range of zenith angles for aerosol particle size distribution and phase function retrieval (Holben et al. 1998). Collected data are downloaded into the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data bank every 30 minutes through the Meteorological Satellite (METEOSAT) Data Collection Platform (DCP) telemetry system. 2.13 Rotating Shadow-Band Radiometer The MFR-6, manufactured by Yankee Environmental Systems, Inc. (Turners Falls, Massachusetts), automatically measures the total and indirect (or diffuse) compotor, characterized by the manufacturer, is automatically accounted for by the system software and isused to correct measurements for deviations from ideal cosine response of the input optics. The total and diffuse components are measured by alternatively exposing and shading the entrance aperture of the instrument. The direct normal component is then computed from the difference of the two measurements. The detector shading from the direct sun component is obtained through an automated shadow band aligned with respect to the north south direction. The shadow band is a metal strip modeled in an arc shape moving above the center of the instrument's entrance aperture and blocking a portion of sky with a 3.3 ° angle. The shadow band movement and data logging are controlled by the acquisition unit with a 13-bit A/D converter (Fig. 15). Fig. 15. A picture of the MFR-6 system. The system, powered by batteries, automatically performs sequences of measurements with a maximum frequency of three measurement cycles every minute. Each measurement sequence, carried out after computation of the sun zenith angle, includes four independent measurements: the total horizontal irradiance with the band at its nadir position, the indirect (diffuse) irradiance with the sun blocked by the band, and two more measurements with the band at +9 ° and -9 ° with respect to the sun position. The last two measurements are automatically used to correct the diffuse irradiance measurement for the sky radiance blocked by the band when the sun irradiance is shaded to the sensor. Data transfer from the acquisition unit to a PC is ensured by an RS-232 serial communication port. During the SeaBOARR-98 experiment, the MFR-6 measurements were taken at 10 minute intervals. A summary of the nents of spectral solar irradiance (Harrison et al. 1994) in MFR-6 Log is given in Appendix E. 17

Original page 22

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign 3. METHODS The SeaWiFS Project sponsored a workshop from 9 12 April 1991, which was held at the Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California) for the expressed purpose of establishing a set of protocols for measuring optical properties, and other environmental variables, to validate the radiometric performance of the SeaWiFS instrument, and to develop and validate bio-optical algorithms for use with SeaWiFS data. The proceedings of the workshop, as interpreted and expanded by the authors and recable for the profiler passed through the ring). The ring and, thus, the miniNESS profiler, was moved to a selected distance from the tower leg by pulling on the closed loop of line until the desired number of cable marks between the ring's position and the tower leg was achieved. A schematic of the experimental setup is given in Fig. 16. The miniNESS profiler is sufficiently easy to handle that it can be deployed by one person. Under normal circumstances, the handler keeps a few coils of the power and telemetry cable in the water, so the profiler can fall freely through the water column; once the desired depth viewed by the workshop participants and other members of has been reached, the cast is terminated and the profiler is the bio-optical research community, became the SeaWiFS pulled back to the surface. For the tower deployments, the Ocean Optics Protocols (SOOP) and were published as profiler was slowly lowered by hand to control the descent Volume 5 of the (prelaunch) Sea WiFS Technical Report Series (Mueller and Austin 1992). The protocols were intended to establish foundations for a measurement strategy to verify the SeaWiFS uncerrate (approximately 0.4 m s 1). A cable block, which could not pass through the cable ring, was used to prevent the profiler from going deeper than 15m and accidently impacting the sea floor (theoretically this would not damage tainty goals of 5% in water-leaving radiances and 35% in the profiler, since the light sensors are mounted on the fin chlorophyll a concentration (Hooker et al. 1992). The protocols specified a) the variables which must be measured, briefly reviewed the rationale for measuring each variable, and presented methods of making measurements in the field; b) the protocols for instrument performance specifications (including characterizing and calibrating instruments); and c) the approved methods of data analysis. In general, the SOOP set forth simply described and adapted instrument specifications and procedures that were common practice in the ocean optics community. From the very beginning, the protocols were considered an evolving prescription that would allow the research community to approach the unprecedented measurement uncertainties implied by the SeaWiFS goals (Hooker and Esaias 1993); research and development activities were acknowledged to be important elements for improving the state of the art in specific areas. It was always the intent of the SeaWiFS Project and the SeaWiFS Working Groups (Hooker et al. 1993b) that the SOOP would be periodically evaluated and revised to reflect technical advances during the SeaWiFS Project cycle. In agreement with such an objective, three different in-water methods and four different above-water methods for determining Lw(O ÷, A) were intercompared during SeaBOARR-98: $84, P94, and P97 for the former; and MS0, C85, $95, and L98 for the latter. 3.1 In-Water Methods The experimental setup began with siting a black buoy approximately 30 m from the southeast tower leg; the buoy was perpendicular to the southeastern side of the tower and displaced approximately 2 m to the side of the WiSPER instrument. A pulley was then attached to the buoy and the tower, and a closed loop of line (60 m long with marks on it every lm) was attached to the pulleys. A cable ring was linked to one of the cable marks which defined the current position of the profiler (the power and telemetry 18 assemblies). An experiment was defined as a sequence of profile deployments going away or towards the platform during a relatively short period of time (typically 20 minutes). While the miniNESS casts were being sequentially collected, the WiSPER system was also repeatedly lowered and raised. For the tower deployments, 20 different experiments were conducted during almost clear sky conditions: 18 with variable miniNESS deployment distances with respect to the tower, and 2 (experiments 7 and 13) with the deployment distance fixed at 7.5m (the same distance the WiSPER measurements were made with respect to the tower). The latter data were collected for comparison with WiSPER and to estimate temporal variability at the site (from advection). Note that the miniNESS experiments give another estimate of spatial variability. A summary of the in-water methods to be used ($84, P94, and P97) is presented in Table 3. 3.1.1 S84 The subsurface profile of L_(z, A) is used to estimate the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, K_ (A), and the subsurface signal is propagated to the sea surface using K_(A); the upwelled radiance is then transmitted across the sea surface to produce Lw(O ÷, A). The steps involved with this methodology are as follows: 1. Bin the profiler data in I m intervals. 2. Compute K_(zo, A) from vertical profiles of L_(z, A) as the localslopeofin A)]in a depthinterval of a few meters centered on depth z0 (Smith and Baker 1984 and 1986): in [L_(z,A)] in [L_(z0, A)] - K_(zo, A)Sz (11) where 5z z -zo. The unknowns in [L_(zo, A)] and K_,(zo, .X) are determined as the intercept and

Original page 23

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Ed(O+, Z) Power RS-485 To miniNESS Configuration Fluorometer not used) Pressure Sensor Tail DATA- 100 Nose and ./47" Telemetry '% Weight Deck (To Deck -_ Box Box) Buoyant Fins IIII. Support Wire Winch Cable Block Pulley Cable Ring Tower Stabilizing Leg Wires Lu(X,Z,Z,q_) __d (7.5, z, Z) [ Lu(7"5'z'Z) WiSPER Marked Line 1 m) ,y Buoy miniNESS Weight ! ! Sea Floor (17 m) 0 7.5 Fig. 16. A schematic of the tower shading experiments 30 90m showing the equipment and their relative positioning with respect to one another. The WiSPER instrumentation is shown in a slightly distorted view, so all components are visible; in reality, the two radiometers and the two stabilizing wires are aligned in a plane perpendicular to the page, which means the light data is collected approximately 7.5 m away from the tower leg. Details of the miniNESS instrument are shown in the inset panel. 19

Original page 24

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Table3. A summaryofthethreein-watermethodsforcalculatingLw(O +, A). Method Assumptions Input Variables Lw(O +, A) Calculation zo - Az < z < zo + Az K_,(z, A) from L_ (z, A) $84 Lw(O +, A) 0.544 L_ (0-, A) Az _ 4 to 10m L_(0-, A) L_(z0,A)exp [z0K_(0,A)] z0-Az<z<z0+Az K, (z, A) from L_ (z, A) P94 Lw(O +, A) 0.544 L_ (0-, A) Az _ 4 to 10m L_(0-, A) L_(0.7, A)exp [0.7 K_(A)] K_, Kd, K_ (490,520) x(A) and e(A)using Morel (1988) P97 from L_(443,550), and K,(a) + x(a)c () Lw(O +, A) 0.544 L_ (0-, A) K_(a) C from K_ (490, 520) L_(0-, A) L_(0.7,A)exp [0.7K_(A)] slope of a least-squares linear regression to the measured in [L,(z, A)] data within the depth interval z0-Az < z < z0 +Az. The half interval Az is somewhat arbitrary, although Smith and Baker (1984 and 1986) suggest Az _ 4 10 m. 3. Extrapolate L,(zo, A) to the surface according to L(0-, A) L_(zo, A) exp [zoK_(zo, A)]. (12) 4. Transmit L_(0-, A) through the sea surface according to Austin (1974): 1 - p(A) L_(0-, A), (13) Lw(O +, A) 2 (A) n,tV where p(A) is the Fresnel reflectance and n,_ (A) is the refractive index of seawater. Austin (1980) notes the (1 - p(A))n,2(A) expression can be replaced by the constant 0.544, because the wavelength dependence of the variables is very weak. This substitution is made for this method and the other two in-water methods discussed below (P94 and P97). 3.1.2 P94 The subsurface upwelling radiance measured at z 70cm is propagated to the sea surface using K(A) estimated from simultaneous profiles of L_(z, A) (following the techniques in $84), and then across the sea surface to produce Lw(O +, A). The steps involved with this method are as follows: 1. Propagate the subsurface upwelling radiance measured at z 70cm depth to the sea surface using K_(A) estimated from simultaneous profiles of L_(z, A) (following the techniques in $84): L_(0-, A) L_(0.7, A)exp [0.7 K_(A)]. (14) 2. Transmit L_(0-, A) through the sea surface according to Austin (1974) Lw(O +, A) 0.544 L_ (0-, A). (15) 20 Note that (15) is the same as (13), except a constant has been used for the (1 -p(A))n,2(A) expression. 3.1.3 P97 K (A) is estimated using a combination of the Morel (1988) and Austin and Petzold (1981) algorithms. The ratio of L_(443) to L_(550) is used to estimate K_(490) and K_(520) as described by Austin and Petzold (1981). The computed K_(490) and K_(520) values are used to compute the chlorophyll concentration, C, by inverting the algorithm for Kd(A) as detailed by Morel (1988) and assuming K_(A) Kd(A). Once C is computed, K_(A) for the other wavelengths can be computed by applying the Morel (1988) technique. The subsurface upwelling radiance at z 70 cm is propagated to the sea surface using the estimated K_(A), and then across the sea surface to produce Lw(O +, A): 1. Compute K_(490) and K_(520) from L_(443) and L_(550) using the Austin and Petzold (1981) algorithms: -L_(443) 1 1.491 K_(490) 0.022 + 0.0883 L_(550)j and (16) 1.398 -L_(443)] K_(520) 0.044 + 0.0663 L_(550)J 2. Compute C from (16) by inverting the model relating K_(A) for Case-1 waters to the mean C value (Morel 1988) while assuming K_(A) Kd(A): K_(490)_ K,_ (490) 1 e 1(490) C49° X_(490) J e 1(520) K_(520)- K,_(520)1 (17) C520 >(520) j and C490 @ C520 C 2

Original page 25

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean whereK,_ (A) represents the spectral attenuation coefficient for pure water, and the coefficients X_(A) and e(A) are regression coefficients determined by statistical analysis of Kd(A) in Case-1 water (Morel 1988). 3. The algorithm for computing K_(A) is as follows: K_(A) K,(A) + X(A)C e(A). (18) 4. Propagate the subsurface upwelling radiance measured at z 70cm depth to the sea surface using the estimated K_(A) and (14). 5. Transmit L_(0-,A) through the sea surface using (15). 3.2 Above-Water Methods The surface glint correction methods (MS0, C85, $95, and L98) for Lw(A) measurements, require the existence of a spectral band in the NIR (At) for which Lw(Ar) 0. In the case of open ocean water (Case-1 with C < 0.25mgm 3), the assumption Lw(670) 0 can be used (Gordon 1981). For all other Case-1 waters, the wavelengths 765 and 865 nm should be considered for correction (Gordon and Wang 1994). For Case-2 water, the assumption Lw(1012) 0 has been found to be appropriate even in waters heavily loaded with sediment (Bukata et al. 1995). If Lw(A_)0, the amount of glint will be overestimated, which will result in an underestimation of Lw. A summary of the above-water methods to be used (MS0, C85, $95, and L98) is presented in Table 4. 3.2.1 MS0 Sky glint correction is based on the assumption that Lw(A) in a near-infrared (NIR) band, Lw(A_), is equal to zero (Gordon 1981). Consequently, the above-water radiance measured at A_ is entirely due to surface reflection. The infrared estimates of sky glint are then extended over the whole spectrum by using the measured wavelength dependence of the incident sky radiance. Estimated sky glint is subtracted from the total signal in order to recover Lw(A). The steps for implementing the method are as follows: 1. Remove the temporal sun glint from the high fiequency spectra before averaging, so the final mean spectrum incorporates sky glint only. 2. Assume Lw(A_) 0. 3. Extend the NIR estimate of the sky glint over the whole spectrum by using the measured wavelength dependence of the incident sky radiance, and subtract the estimated sky glint from the total signal: Lw(O +, A) LT(A, d)', _9) _ Li(A, d)', 9')5r. (19) where ¢1 ¢-4- _ (90 ° away from the sun in either direction, i.e., ¢+ or ¢- in Fig. 1) and 5r LT(A, ¢', ))/Li(A, ¢', )'). 3.2.2 C85 The C85 method uses data averaged over 10s intervals, so each spectrum of sea surface radiance incorporates the contribution of temporal sun glint which have to be removed by a correction algorithm. The above-water measurements are corrected for sky glint assuming specular reflection of sky radiance at the sea surface. The residual reflection of downwelling radiation from the wave facets is computed assuming the residual signal in the NIR region is entirely due to surface reflection, i.e., Lw(A) 0. Measurements of a horizontally oriented gray reflectance plaque are used to compute the plaque downwelling total irradiance, Ep(A). The steps involved are as follows: 1. Compute Ep(A) as Lp(A,¢', (20) Ep(A) p,(A, ¢', 2. Correct for the specular reflection of sky light and for the residual reflection of downwelling radiation from the wave facets by calculating E,(A) AL [LT(A ) - p(A, ¢', Ep(Ar) (21) and then deriving Lw(O÷,A) LT(A, ¢', (22) - - ZXL. 3.2.3 S95 The first revision of the SOOP incorporated new protocols in several areas, including expanded protocol descriptions for Case-2 waters and other improvements, as contributed by several members of the SeaWiFS Science Team (Mueller and Austin 1995). The version 1 revision required the following for making above-water radiometric measurements for estimating Lw (0 ÷, A): 1. The radiometer measuring water-leaving radiance should point to the sea surface with an angle of about # 20 ° from nadir and away from the solar azimuth angle (¢) by at least 90 °, i.e., ¢'. 2. Foam and floating material must be avoided during measurements, and because of temporal variability due to waves, it is important to record a number of spectra within a period of a few seconds (e.g., 30 spectra within 15 s). 3. Before calculating final mean and standard deviation spectra, outliers should be removed by computing initial estimates of these statistics and rejecting radiance spectra containing values more than 1.5 standard deviations (1.5o) from the estimated mean (#). 21

Original page 26

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Table4. A summaryofthefoursurfaceglintcorrectionmethodsappliedto theabove-waterradiancemeasurements.Theassumptionsof eachmethodandtheinputmeasurementsrequiredbythe methodaregivenin the secondandthird columns,respectively.ThealgorithmsforcalculatingLw(A) are shown in the fifth column. All of the methods require ideal sky conditions (cloud free or uniformly overcast), except L98, which can be used under a variable sky. The assumption for $95 is that p(A, ¢) can be approximated by a flat sea surface. Note that M80, $95, and L98 require the removal of temporal sun glint from the high frequency LT(A) spectra, whereas C85 uses averaged (10 s) LT(A) spectra. For all of the SeaBOARR-98 data, Ar 780 nm. Method Assumptions Input Variables Lw(Ar) 0 M80 LT(A) and Li(A) Lw(O +, A) and Ideal Sky Lw(O +, A) LT(A, ¢', 0) -- p(A, ¢)Li(A, ¢', 0') - AL Lw(A_) 0 LT(A), Li(A), Lw (0 ÷, A) Calculation LT(A,d)',O) - Li(A,¢',O') LT(A_,d)',O) Li(A_, ¢', 0') C85 where AL [LT(Ar) -- p(A, ¢)Li(A_, ¢', O')]Ep(A)/Ep(A_) and Ideal Sky and Lp(A) and Ep(A) 7rLp( A, ¢', O) /pp( A, ¢', 0) p(A,,) $95 LT(A) and Li(A) Lw(O +, A) LT(A, ¢', 0) -- p(A, ¢)Li(A, ¢', 0') and Ideal Sky_ L98 Lw(A_) 0 LT(A) and Ei(A) Lw(O*, A) LT(A, d)',0) LT(Ar) Ei(A) The SOOP indicates $95 can "probably" be used under variable cloud conditions. 4. LT(A) must be corrected for sky glint using measurements of sky radiance, Li(A), in the direction appropriate for the specular reflection from the sea surface into the sensor. Li(A) measurements can be made either by looking at a horizontal first surface mirror (a mirror with no layers other than the reflectire surface) at the same nadir and azimuth angles used for the LT(A ) observations, or by pointing the radiometer into the sky at a zenith angle equal to the nadir angle of the LT(A) observations (or as in Fig. 1, 01 7c-0) and with the same azimuth angle. The sky glint is removed using p: Lw (0 +, A) LT (A, ¢1, 0) (23) -- p(A)Li(A, ¢1, 01). 3.2.4 L98 Sky glint correction for this method is also based on the assumption that Lw(Ar) 0, so the signal received in the A_ part of the spectrum is entirely due to surface reflection. The L98 method uses the wavelength dependence of diffuse sky irradiance to extend the estimate of sky glint at A_ over the whole spectrum. Estimated sky glint is subtracted from the total signal in order to recover Lw(A). The advantage of this method is that it incorporates the effect of clouds. The technical advantage is that Ea(0+, A) and Ei(0+, A) can be measured with the same instrument: an upward-viewing radiometer where the diffuse component can be determined by cyclically blocking the sun disc 22 to the radiometer, so Ed(O +, A) and E_(0 +, A) can be continuously monitored during remote sensing observations. The steps involved are as follows: 1. Remove the temporal sun glint from the high frequency spectra before averaging, so the final mean spectrum incorporates sky glint only. 2. Assume Lw(A_) 0. 3. Extend the estimate of sky glint at A_ over the entire spectrum by using the measured wavelength dependence of Ei (0+) and subtract the estimated sky glint from the total signal to calculate F _ (24) kE,(a )J 3.2.5 Method Revisions From 11 12 December 1997, the Normalized Remote Sensing Reflectance Workshop was held at the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography (CCPO), Old Dominion University (Norfolk, Virginia). The meeting was sponsored by the GSFC Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies (SIMBIOS) Project. The goal of the workshop was: Determination of the uncertainty budgets of normalized remote sensing reflectance (NRSR), in and between the various methods used to measure it, and because of uncertainties in calibration (radiometer and reflectance target), environmental variance, and the treatments of Fresnel reflectance of skylight and the ocean's bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF).

Original page 27

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean Thegoalwasto berealizedthroughthreeobjectives: For these analyses, the following restrictions on data entabulating tries were agreed to: A < 600nm; K(490) < 0.1m 1; 1. Reviewcurrentresultsanddata(begin uncertaintybudgets); 2. Definea unifieddatasetforNRSRandbeginpopulatingit; and 3. Plan experimental comparisons to explore the uncertainty sources associated with each method of measuring NRSR. It was proposed that the group accept as a baseline, for purposes of discussion, that the uncertainty in NRSR determined from in-water L_(z, A) profiles, combined with above-water measurements of Ed(O +, A), is approximately 5% for A < 600nm and K(490) < 0.1. In later discussions it was agreed to limit planned intercomparisons between above- and below-water determinations of NRSR to these conditions. This uncertainty estimate is based on results from the first Data Analysis Round-Robin (DARR-94) activity (Siegel et al. 1995) and the third SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment (SIRREX-3), and SIRREX-4 (Mueller et al. 1996 and Johnson et al. 1996, respectively). Radiative transfer simulations of remote sensing reflectance measurements above a wave-roughened surface were undertaken by Curt Mobley from Sequoia Scientific, Inc. (Seattle, Washington). The results showed the increase with wind speed (and resulting surface wave slope) of sky radiance and sun glint reflectance in total radiance viewed at the sea surface, relative to radiance from beneath the surface. At wind speeds approaching 10ms 1, his results suggested the best nadir viewing angle would be 40 ° , rather than the 30 ° used by many of the participants (and the 20 ° given in the original publication of $95). At lower wind speeds and a 40 ° viewing angle, Mobely recommended using an effective surface reflectance of 0.028. There was a consensus that more analyses could and should be done in four general areas of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) measurements: 1. Uncertainties in and between Ed(O +) determined by a) direct measurement of Ed(O +) with a calibrated radiometer, b) estimation of Ed(O +) by measuring reflected radiance (calibrated or uncalibrated, since calibration coefficients cancel in/grs formed in this way) from a gray target of known (calibrated) reflectance, and c) Ed(O +) modeled for clear sky conditions, with and without independent measurements of aerosol and ozone optical thicknesses; 2. Uncertainties between different above-water methods for measuring//_s; 3. Uncertainties between /g_s values determined from above- and in-water radiance measurements; and 4. Comparative analyses of measured/g_s (above water or in water), modeled/g_s based on measured inherent optical properties (IOPs), and models based on water-column constituents (e.g., chlorophyll a) contributing to IOP. percent cloud cover less than 20%; wind speed less than 10 ms 1 (higher wind speed data can be submitted, but should not be included in the simpler comparisons), solar zenith angle from 30 60 ° (again data outside this range may be submitted, but should probably be excluded from the simpler methods of intercomparison). Based on the consensus reached at the meeting, all of the above-water methods used in the SeaBOARR-98 field campaign used a viewing angle of 40 ° from nadir. Every effort was made to adhere to the agreed upon sampling restrictions, but the most important criteria was to collect data during stable illumination conditions, i.e., clear sky, calm sea, low wind speed, etc. 3.4 SQM-II Protocols To monitor the stability (in the field) of the in-water and above-water radiometers used during SeaBOARR-98, and to quantify the performance of the SQM-II during its field commissioning, the procedures given in Hooker and Aiken (1998) were followed where applicable: a calibration evaluation and radiometric testing (CERT) session was defined and a sequence of procedures was implemented for each CERT session. In summary, each CERT session involved the following steps: 1. The number of hours on each lamp set were tracked by recording the starting number of hours on each lamp set. 2. One radiometer (S09) was selected to monitor the powering and warming up of the SQM-II. The first data collected during a CERT session were the dark voltages for this radiometer, which was achieved by putting an opaque cap on the radiometer and collecting data for 3 minutes during the collection of the SQM-II internal dark voltages. 3. Once the SQM-II was powered up at the selected lamp level, it was allowed to warm up for at least I hour. During this time, internal monitor voltages, lamp voltages, and internal temperatures of the SQM-II were recorded. The warm-up period was considered completed when the internal SQM-II monitors were constant to within 0.1%. The radiometric stability usually coincided with a thermal equilibrium as denoted by the internal thermistors. 4. After the warm-up period, each fiducial was measured, and then the individual radiometric sensors were tested sequentially. First, the previous DUT was removed and replaced with a glass fiducial. Second, dark voltages for the radiometer and SQM-II monitor data for the glass fiducial were simultaneously collected for 3 minutes. Third, the glass fiducial was removed and replaced with the radiometer. Finally, data from the SQM-II internal detector and 23

Original page 28

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Table5. A summaryoftheenvironmentalcharacteristicsoftheAAOTsiteduringtheSeaBOARR-98stations. All ofthetimeinformationisgivenasthesequentialdayoftheyear(SDY)andGreenwichMeanTime(GMT), where7 ,Julyis SDY188and13,Julyis SDY195.Seastate(SS),cloudcover(CC),andlightstability(LS) areallgivenascodedvalues:0 12,0 8,and0 2,respectively.TheSSentriesarefortheWorldMeteorological Organization(WMO)CodeM scale(WMO N.8),theCCentriesarein eighthsof coverage,andtheLSentries areasfollows:0 forstablelight,1 forslightlychangingillumination,and2 forvariableconditions.Windspeed (WS)andmanyoftheothervaluesareshownforthetimeperiodinwhichtheywerecollected,but areapplicable fortheentirestation.Theratioof E_(0+, A) to Ea(O+, A) is given by r. The ays, ap, r, and Ka values are all for A 490. The AngstrSm exponent and coefficients are given by a and , respectively. Station WS SS CC LS / Code SDY Time [ms 1] [Coded] 46sl 188 1034 1104 2.4 1 4 0 0.22 46s2 189 1014 1042 4.9 2 3 0 0.02 46s2a 189 1241 1305 2 3 0 0.01 46s3 190 1300 1329 5.3 1 7 1 46s4 191 0854 0916 4.3 1 6 1 0.06 46s5 191 1124 1150 5.3 1 0 0 0.07 46s5a 191 1159 1125 1 0 0 0.07 46s5b 191 1247 1313 1 0 0 0.07 46s5c 191 1321 1351 1 0 0 0.06 47sl 194 1026 1043 7.3 1 0 0 0.23 47sla 194 1104 1130 1 0 0 0.15 47slb 194 1133 1200 1 0 0 0.15 47slc 194 1215 1242 2 0 0 0.14 47sld 194 1250 1315 2 0 0 0.08 47sle 194 1428 1500 1 0 0 0.07 47s2 195 0810 0836 2.4 1 8 1 47s3 195 0943 1009 3.0 0 8 0 the radiometer were recorded for 3minutes. Each time a DUT was used, SQM-II lamp voltages and internal temperatures were recorded. Each data collection event (3 minutes) is referred to here as a data acquisition sequence (DAS) and represents approximately 1,080 radiometer samples and 450 SQM-II (internal monitor) samples. 5. Before the SQM-II was shut down, the fiducials were measured again. These measurements, plus the fiducial data acquired using the glass fiducial in between radiometer dark and light (SQM-II) measurements, are the primary sources for tracking the stability of the SQM-II flux. In some cases, a radiometer recorded the powering down of the lamps. After the lamps were powered down, the ending number of hours on each lamp set were recorded. 6. The internal monitor dark voltages were recorded by putting an opaque cap over the SQM-II exit aperture and collecting data for 3 minutes. It is important to note the warmup process only involved the SQM-II and it was done only once before the individual DUTs were measured; the DUTs were not warmed up per se, although, they were kept in the same room as the SQM-II, so they were at room temperature. 24 O_ Ca+a CTSM ays ap R Ka 0 [mgm 3] [m 1] [m 1] [°] 1.3 1.22 1.91 0.039 0.065 0.76 0.27 23 1.4 0.51 0.93 0.019 0.028 0.14 0.10 25 2.1 0.16 0.09 30 1.74 4.21 0.049 0.111 7.30 0.44 33 1.6 1.84 3.16 0.031 0.087 0.43 0.37 36 1.6 1.55 2.84 0.027 0.094 0.32 0.30 23 1.6 0.29 0.30 25 1.5 0.32 0.31 31 1.6 0.33 0.30 36 1.5 0.27 0.84 0.051 0.024 0.89 0.09 25 1.6 0.69 0.08 23 1.6 0.61 0.08 24 1.6 0.59 0.07 27 1.8 0.48 0.08 31 1.8 0.53 0.09 48 0.92 1.93 0.081 0.055 0.24 42 0.68 1.87 0.091 0.061 0.22 28 4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS A summary of the environmental characteristics of the AAOT site during the SeaBOARR-98 stations is given in Table 5. Although one of the data collection objectives was to collect as much data as possible following the restrictions agreed to at the NRSR meeting, the opportunities for data collection were dictated by the weather, and the primary objective was simply to collect the best data possible under the conditions at the time. Nonetheless, many of the acquisition events are within the workshop restrictions. The nomenclature used to distinguish the water-leaving radiances derived from the in-air and in-water methods is LAw (0 +, A) and/_B (0 +, A), respectively, where the A and B codes identify the above-water and below-water methods used, i.e., water-leaving radiances estimated using the inwater $84 method are identified as L_4(0+, A). In this preliminary analysis, only the data collected during clear sky, calm sea, and Case-2 water are considered (Lazin et al. 1998). Figure 17 shows the water-leaving radiances obtained from the four above-water methods compared to the values estimated from the WiSPER data using the $84 in-water method. The latter are corrected for instrument self-shading, but are not corrected for the perturbation effects of the tower. The above-water data set is

Original page 29

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean _"2.0i q if) %- E 1.5c al, E o 1.0- :=L +_0.5- [] 490 X 510 A 555 O O 665 oo 0.0- mini i i i i i i i i 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 $84 Lw(0+,X) [_tW cm 2 nm -1 sr 1] '-'2.0i q %- E 1.5c E o 1.0- ::L i..........i / +0.5- LO o 0.0- iiii i i i i iiii 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 $84 Lw(0+,X) [_W cm -2 nm -1 sr -1] _-" 2.0i 09 '-7, 1.5. //y __ 1.0- : 0.5. ,4 i i i i i i i i i i i i 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 $84 Lw(0+,X) [gW cm -2 nm -1 sr -1] i _N if) %- E ¢- E 1,0" =k 0.5i i i i i i i i i i i i J 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 $84 Lw(0+,X) [tW cm -2 nm -1 sr -1] Fig. 11. A comparison of the $84 in-water Lw(0 +, A) method with four above-water estimation methods: a) M80, a) C85, a) $95, and a) L98. The wavelength codes are shown as an inset panel in a. also not corrected for tower shading effects. The root mean square difference (I{MSD) was computed for each method and wavelength as: tbB 100 1 [L#(o+,A)LL--#w+ ,--L#(o+, A)] 2] (25) where N is f_he number of measuremenf_s and f_he b values are categorized by the in-water method used. Depending on wavelengf_h, 1/ $84 for f_he Lw values was in f_he range of 3 6% for the $95 method, 7 12% for the C85 method, 7 20% for the L98 method, and 11 22% for the M80 method. The L98 and MS0 methods systematically underesUmated Lw(O +, A), because the Lw(780) 0 assumption was not appropriate for the water type involved (very turbid Case-2). The glint estimate from the 780nm band was, therefore, too high, which produced low Lw(O +, A) values. The C85 method uses lVresnel reflectance for sky 25

Original page 30

The SeaBOARR-98 glint correction, as well as the Lw(780) 0 assumption for the minor correction of the residual reflection of global radiance from the waves. This method was not greatly influenced by the actual existence of Lw(780) and water quality. The $95 method, which assumes clear sky and specular reflection of sky radiance from the calm sea, is in excellent agreement with the in-water estimates, as expected regarding the experienced conditions. Preliminary SQM-II analyses have been completed for 1 of the 16 radiometers used during SeaBOARR-98 (S09). For the four CERT sessions completed at the tower, the data shows S09 was stable to better than 0.5_ for all channels (McLean et al. 1998). Hooker and Aiken (1998) reported similar overall stability for Satlantic radiance sensors, so there is no reason to believe the other sensors will show substantially different characteristics. They also showed Satlantic irradiance sensors were slightly less stable, but the sensors were usually stable to within 1.0_. Given these facts, the expectation is that differences in methods above the 1.0_ level are real and are not due to instrument performance problems. 5. DISCUSSION To provide a quick look at the data collected during SeaBOARR-98, only one part of the data collected in the experiment was analyzed. The preliminary results from this effort indicate the following: 1. The methods based on the simple concept of specular reflection that employ Fresnel reflectance values were the most appropriate for clear sky and Case-2 water ($95 and C85); 2. The best results were obtained if the temporal sun glint outliers were removed from the data before computing final mean spectra ($95), which emphasizes the importance of high frequency measurements of sea surface radiance; 3. The corrections based on the assumption of a Mack sea in the 780 nm band (M80 and L98), are not recommended for Case-2 water, but these two methods might be improved by using a correction band centered more in the infrared part of the spectrum; 4. The only surface glint correction method that met the required 5% accuracy of Lw(O +, A) (compared to the in-water estimates) was the $95 method; and 5. The SQM-II data, plus the results of Hooker and Aiken (1998), indicate differences in methods above the 1.0% level are real and are not due to instrument performance problems. It is important to note polarization sensitivity has only been semiqualitatively assessed using the practices given in the SOOP: a radiance sensor was rotated about its axis 90 ° from the sun in the sun zenith plane on a cloud- and hazefree day. No noticable changes were observed, although, no 26 Field Campaign quantitative results were recorded. A polarization characterization for all of the above water radiance sensors will be perfomed in the laboratory during SIRREX-7 (March 1999) to quantify this effect. Future activities will also include analysis of the second part of the data (overcast conditions, variable sky, and clear water), a completion of the SQM-II data, an inclusion of the additional in-water methods for computing Lw(O +, A), an examination of the tower shading effect on the subsurface and above-water measurements, and a quantification of how the differences in the various measurement protocols effect bio-optical algorithms. Ultimately, the latter is the most important for SeaWiFS validation activities (Hooker and McClain 1999). The next field activity will be concerned with a) using the four above-water and the three in-water methods at sea while the ship is stopped (but, nonetheless, moving in the ambient wave field), and b) using as many of the above-water methods as possible while the ship is underway. One of the primary emphases will be to collect as much data as possible in Case-1 water while adhering to as many of the sampling restrictions agreed to at the NRSR meeting as possible. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SeaBOAF[F[-98 could not have been executed at the high level that was achieved without the competent contributions of the AAOT crew: Armando and Daniele Penzo, and Narciso and Gianni Zennaro. The logistics were substantially more involved than the usual COASTS field campaigns, so the enthusiastic assistance from the CNR scientific staff led by Luigi Alberotanza was essential. In particular, Perluigi Cova was responsible for the CTD profiles as well as the meteorological data collection, and Sandro Vianello was responsible for water filtration. Acknowledgements are also due to the JRC scientists: Dirk van der Linde for the support provided in preparing the optical devices for deployment and the TSM analyses, John Doyle for miniNESS deployment assistance, Jean-Francois Berthon for providing the AC-9 processed data, Cristina Targa for the HPLC analyses, and Stefania Grossi for the dissolved and particulate matter absorption analyses. The JRC and CNR participation in the experiment was mainly supported by the European Commission through contracts ENV4 CT96 0307 and MAS3 CT9_0087. The miniNESS, SeaSAS, DalSAS, and DalBOSS data were all acquired and recorded using software developed by Jim Brown (University of Miami) and the SeaWiFS Project. The SeaWiFS Project (Charles McClain) also provided additional funding, directly or indirectly, to most of the participants which was critical in bringing all of the needed elements together as scheduled. APPENDICES A. SeaBOARR-98 Science Team B. The miniNESS Deployment Log C. The SeaSAS Deployment Log D. The WiSPER Deployment Log E. The Ancillary Data Collection Logs F. The DalSAS Deployment Log G. The DalBOSS Deployment Log H. The SQM-II Deployment Log

Original page 31

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean AppendixA SeaBOAR,R,-98 Science Team The SeaBOAR.R-98 science team members are presented alphabetically. Jean-Francois Berthon JRC/SAI/ME T.P. 272 Ispra, I 21020 (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 789 934 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: jean-francois .berthon@j rc. it Pierluigi Cova and Sandro Vianello CNR/ISDGM San Polo 1364 I 30125 Venice ITALY Voice: 39 0 41 521 6840 Fax: 39 0 41 260 2340 Net: claudia@neuro, isdgm, ve. cnr. it John Piero Doyle JR.C/SAI/ME T.P. 272 I 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 786 052 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: john. doyle@jrc, it Stefania Grossi JRC/SAI/ME T.P. 272 I 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 785 834 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: st ef ania. grossi@jrc, it Stanford Hooker NASA/GSFC/Code 970.2 Bldg. 28, Room W121 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 USA Voice: 301 286 9503 Fax: 301 286 1775 Net: stan@ardbeg, gsf c .nasa. gov Gordana Lazin Dept. of Oceanography Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1 CANADA Voice: 01 902 494 3655 Fax: 01 902 494 2039 Net: gogo@raptor, ocean, dal. ca Dirk van der Linde JRC/SAI/ME T.P. 272 I 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 785 362 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: dirk. vanderlinde@j rc. it Scott McLean Satlantic, Inc. Richmond Terminal, Pier 9 3295 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 5X8 CANADA Voice: 01 902 492 4780 Fax: 01 902 492 4781 Net: scott@satlantic, corn Cristina Targa JRC/SAI/ME T.P. 272 I 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 785 834 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: cristina, targa@j rc. it Giuseppe Zibordi JRC/SAI/ME T.P. 272 I 21020 Ispra (VA) ITALY Voice: 39 0 332 785 902 Fax: 39 0 332 789 034 Net: giuseppe, zibordi@jrc, it Appendix B The miniNESS Deployment Log The miniNESS Deployment Log is summarized in Table B1. Appendix C The SeaSAS Deployment Log The SeaSAS Deployment Log is summarized in Table C1. Appendix D The WiSPER, Deployment Log The WiSPER Deployment Log is summarized in Table D1. Appendix E The Ancillary Data Collection Logs A summary of the deployment logs for the AC-9, CE-318, and MFR-6 instruments along with the HPLC pigment, yellow substance absorption (ays), and particulate absorption (ap) logs are presented in Table El. Appendix F The DalSAS Deployment Log The DalSAS Deployment Log is summarized in Table F1. Appendix G The DalBOSS Deployment Log The DalBOSS Deployment Log is summarized in Table G1. Appendix H The SQM-H Deployment Log The SQM-II Deployment Log is summarized in Table H1. 27

Original page 32

The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Table B1. A summary of the miniNESS deployment log for SeaBOARR-98. The data are organized according to sequential casts and experiments (Exp.). The deployment distance from the tower is given by s, and this column is also used to indicate when the darks were recorded for the profiler and the reference together (Bdarks) or individually (Pdarks and Rdarks, respectively). The filenames for the profiler and reference data are in the colt mns with the same name. All times are in GMT. Cast Exp. SDY Time m [m] Profiler Reference 1 0 190 0825 Bdarks J02MC001.SH0 J02MC001.SHM 2 1 191 0740 Pdarks J02MC002.SH0 2 1 191 0834 Rdarks J02MC002.SHM 2 1 191 0855 3.0 J02MD002.SH0 J02Y_002.SHM 3 1 191 0856 5.0 J02MD003.SH0 J02Y_003.SHM 4 1 191 0857 7.0 J02MD004.SH0 J02Y_004.SHM 5 1 191 0859 7.5 J02MD005.SH0 J02MD005.SHM 6 1 191 0902 9.0 J02MD006.SH0 J02Y_006.SHM 7 2 191 1128 3.0 J02MD007.SH0 J02Y_007.SHM 8 2 191 1129 5.0 J02MD008.SH0 J02MD008.SHM 9 2 191 1130 7.0 J02MD009.SH0 J02MD009.SHM i0 2 191 1130 7.5 J02MD010.SH0 J02MD010.SHM ii 2 191 1131 9.0 J02MD011.SH0 J02MD011.SHM 12 2 191 1132 ii.0 J02MD012.SH0 J02MD012.SHM 13 2 191 1133 13.0 J02MD013.SH0 J02Y_013.SHM 14 2 191 1135 15.0 J02MD014.SH0 J02Y_014.SHM 15 3 191 1151 3.0 J02MD015.SH0 J02Y_015.SHM 16 3 191 1152 5.0 J02MD016.SH0 J02Y_016.SHM 17 3 191 1153 7.0 J02MD017.SH0 J02Y_017.SHM 18 3 191 1153 7.5 J02MD018.SH0 J02Y_018.SHM 19 3 191 1154 9.0 J02MD019.SH0 J02Y_019.SHM 20 3 191 1156 ii.0 J02MD020.SH0 J02MD020.SHM 21 3 191 1158 13.0 J02MD021.SH0 J02Y_021.SHM 22 3 191 1159 15.0 J02MD022.SH0 J02Y_022.SHM 23 3 191 1201 22.0 J02MD023.SH0 J02Y_023.SHM 24 3 191 1206 17.0 J02MD024.SH0 J02Y_024.SHM 25 3 191 1207 19.0 J02MD025.SH0 J02MI)025.SHM 26 3 191 1210 21.0 J02MD026.SH0 J02MI)026.SHM 27 3 191 1212 23.0 J02MD027.SH0 J02MI)027.SHM 28 3 191 1213 25.0 J02MD028.SH0 J02MD028.SHM 29 3 191 1216 27.0 J02MD029.SH0 J02MI)029.SHM 30 3 191 1220 29.0 J02MD030.SH0 J02MI)030.SHM 31 4 191 1222 27.0 J02MD031.SH0 J02MI)031.SHM 32 4 191 1223 25.0 J02MD032.SH0 J02MI)032.SHM 33 4 191 1224 23.0 J02MD033.SH0 J02MI)033.SHM 34 4 191 1225 21.0 J02MD034.SH0 J02MI)034.SHM 35 4 191 1227 19.0 J02MD035.SH0 J02MI)035.SHM 36 4 191 1228 17.0 J02MD036.SH0 J02MI)036.SHM 37 4 191 1229 15.0 J02MD037.SH0 J02MI)037.SHM 38 4 191 1229 13.0 J02MD038.SH0 J02MI)038.SHM 39 4 191 1230 11.0 J02MD039.SH0 J02MI)039.SHM 40 4 191 1231 9.0 J02MD040.SH0 J02MI)040.SHM 41 4 191 1232 7.5 J02MD041.SH0 J02MI)041.SHM 42 4 191 1233 7.0 J02MD042.SH0 J02MI)042.SHM 43 4 191 1234 5.0 J02MD043.SH0 J02MI)043.SHM 44 4 191 1235 3.0 J02MD044.SH0 J02MI)044.SHM 45 5 191 1245 3.0 J02MD045.SH0 J02Y_045.SHM 46 5 191 1246 5.0 J02MD046.SH0 J02Y_046.SHM 47 5 191 1247 7.0 J02MD047.SH0 J02Y_047.SHM 48 5 191 1248 7.5 J02MD048.SH0 J02Y_048.SHM 49 5 191 1249 9.0 J02MD049.SH0 J02Y_049.SHM 50 5 191 1250 11.0 J02MD050.SH0 J02MI)050.SHM 28 Cast Exp. SDY Time m [m] Profiler Reference 51 5 191 1251 13.0 J02MI)051.SH0 J02MD051.SHM 52 5 191 1252 15.0 J02MI)052.SH0 J02MD052.SHM 53 5 191 1253 17.0 J02MI)053.SH0 J02MD053.SHM 54 5 191 1254 19.0 J02MI)054.SH0 J02MD054.SHM 55 5 191 1255 21.0 J02MI)055.SH0 J02MD055.SHM 56 5 191 1256 23.0 J02MI)056.SH0 J02MD056.SHM 57 6 191 1258 23.0 J02MI)057.SH0 J02MD057.SHM 58 6 191 1259 21.0 J02MI)058.SH0 J02MD058.SHM 59 6 191 1300 19.0 J02MI)059.SH0 J02MD059.SHM 60 6 191 1301 17.0 J02MI)060.SH0 J02MD060.SHM 61 6 191 1302 15.0 J02YJI)061.SH0 J02MD061.SHM 62 6 191 1303 13.0 J02MI)062.SH0 J02MD062.SHM 63 6 191 1304 11.0 J02MI)063.SH0 J02MD063.SHM 64 6 191 1305 11.0 J02MI)064.SH0 J02MD064.SHM 65 6 191 1307 9.0 J02YJI)065.SH0 J02MD065.SHM 66 6 191 1310 7.5 J02YJI)066.SH0 J02MD066.SHM 67 6 191 1311 7.0 J02YJI)067.SH0 J02MD067.SHM 68 6 191 1312 5.0 J02YJI)068.SH0 J02MD068.SHM 69 6 191 1313 3.0 J02YJI)069.SH0 J02MD069.SHM 70 7 191 1316 7.5 J02MI)070.SH0 J02MD070.SHM 71 7 191 1318 7.5 J02MI)071.SH0 J02MD071.SHM 72 7 191 1319 7.5 J02MI)072.SH0 J02MD072.SHM 73 7 191 1320 7.5 J02YJI)073.SH0 J02MD073.SHM 74 7 191 1322 7.5 J02MI)074.SH0 J02MD074.SHM 75 7 191 1323 7.5 J02MI)075.SH0 J02MD075.SHM 76 7 191 1325 7.5 J02YJI)076.SH0 J02MD076.SHM 77 7 191 1326 7.5 J02MI)077.SH0 J02MD077.SHM 78 7 191 1327 7.5 J02MI)078.SH0 J02MD078.SHM 79 7 191 1328 7.5 J02YJI)079.SH0 J02MD079.SHM 80 7 191 1329 7.5 J02MI)080.SH0 J02MD080.SHM 81 8 194 1016 Bdarks JO2MCO81.SHO JO2MCO81.SHM 81 8 194 1037 3.0 JO2MDO81.SHO JO2MDO81.SHM 82 8 194 1038 5.0 JO2MDO82.SHO JO2MDO82.SHM 83 8 194 1038 7.0 JO2MDO83.SHO JO2MDO83.SHM 84 8 194 1039 7.5 JO2MDO84.SHO JO2MDO84.SHM 85 8 194 1042 9.0 JO2MDO85.SHO JO2MDO85.SHM 86 8 194 1043 ii.0 JO2MDO86.SHO JO2MDO86.SHM 87 8 194 1044 13.0 JO2MDO87.SHO JO2MDO87.SHM 88 8 194 1045 15.0 JO2MDO88.SHO JO2MDO88.SHM 89 8 194 1046 17.0 JO2MDO89.SHO JO2MDO89.SHM 90 8 194 1047 19.0 JO2MDO90.SHO JO2MDO90.SHM 91 8 194 1048 21.0 JO2MDO91.SHO JO2MDO91.SHM 92 8 194 1050 21.0 JO2MDO92.SHO JO2MDO92.SHM 93 9 194 1104 3.0 JO2MDO93.SHO JO2MDO93.SHM 94 9 194 1105 5.0 JO2MDO94.SHO JO2MDO94.SHM 95 9 194 1105 7.0 JO2MDO95.SHO JO2MDO95.SHM 96 9 194 1106 7.5 JO2MDO96.SHO JO2MDO96.SHM 97 9 194 1107 9.0 JO2MDO97.SHO JO2MDO97.SHM 98 9 194 1108 ii.0 JO2MDO98.SHO JO2MDO98.SHM 99 9 194 1109 13.0 JO2MDO99.SHO JO2MDO99.SHM 100 9 194 1110 15.0 JO2MDIOO.SHO JO2MDIOO.SHM 101 9 194 1111 17.0 JO2MDIOI.SHO JO2MDIOI.SHM

Original page 33

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lain, and S. McLean Table B1. (cont.) A summary of the miniNESS deployment sequential casts and experiments (Exp.). The deployment distance log for SeaBOARR-98. The data are organized according to fl'om the tower is given by z, and this column is also used to indicate when the darks were recorded for the profiler and the reference together (Bdarks) or individually (Pdarks and Rdarks, respectively). The filenames for the profiler and reference data are in the columns with the same name. All times are in GMT. Cast Exp. SDY Time z [m] Profiler Reference 102 9 194 1111 19.0 J02Y_102.SH0 J02MD102.SI-IM 103 9 194 1112 21.0 J02Y_103.SH0 J02MD103.SI-IM 104 10 194 1113 21.0 J02Y_104.SH0 J02MD104.SI-IM 105 10 194 1115 19.0 J02Y_105.SH0 J02MD105.SI-IM 106 10 194 1115 17.0 J02Y_106.SH0 J02MD106.SI-IM 107 10 194 1116 15.0 J02Y_107.SH0 J02MD107.SI-IM 108 10 194 1117 13.0 J02Y_108.SH0 J02MD108.SI-IM 109 10 194 1118 11.0 J02Y_109.SH0 J02MD109.SI-IM 110 10 194 1119 9.0 J02Y_ll0.SH0 J02MDll0.SI-IM Cast Exp. SDY Time z [m] Profiler Reference 154 14 194 1224 13.0 J02MD154.SH0 J02MD154.SHM 155 14 194 1227 15.0 J02MD155.SH0 J02MD155.SHM 156 14 194 1228 17.0 J02MD156.SH0 J02MD156.SHM 157 14 194 1230 19.0 J02MD157.SH0 J02MD157.SHM 158 14 194 1231 21.0 J02MD158.SH0 J02MD158.SHM 159 15 194 1246 3.0 J02MD159.SH0 J02MD159.SHM 160 15 194 1247 5.0 J02MD160.SH0 J02MD160.SHM 161 15 194 1248 7.0 J02MD161.SH0 J02MD161.SHM 162 15 194 1250 7.5 J02MD162.SH0 J02MD162.SHM 111 10 194 1119 7.5 J02Y_lll.SH0 J02MDlll. SI-IM 163 15 194 1251 9.0 J02MD163.SH0 J02MD163.SHM 112 10 194 1120 7.0 J02Y_ll2.SH0 J02MDll2.SI-IM 113 10 194 1121 5.0 J02Y_ll3.SH0 J02MDll3.SI-IM 114 10 194 1122 3.0 J02Y_ll4.SH0 J02MDll4.SI-IM 115 11 194 1123 3.0 J02Y_ll5.SH0 J02MDll5.SHM 116 11 194 1124 5.0 J02Y_ll6.SH0 J02MDll6.SHM 117 11 194 1125 7.0 J02Y_llT.SH0 J02MDllT.SI-IM 118 11 194 1126 7.5 J02MDll8.SH0 J02MDll8.SI-IM 119 11 194 1127 9.0 J02MDll9.SH0 J02MDll9.SI-IM 120 11 194 1128 11.0 J02MD120.SH0 J02MD120.SI-IM 121 11 194 1129 13.0 J02MD121.SH0 J02MD121.SI-IM 122 11 194 1130 15.0 J02MD122.SH0 J02MD122.SI-IM 123 11 194 1130 17.0 J02MD123.SH0 J02MD123.SI-IM 124 11 194 1131 19.0 J02MD124.SH0 J02MD124.SI-IM 125 11 194 1132 21.0 J02MD125.SH0 J02MD125.SI-IM 126 12 194 1133 21.0 J02MD126.SH0 J02MD126.SI-IM 127 12 194 1134 19.0 J02MD127.SH0 J02MD127.SI-IM 128 12 194 1134 17.0 J02MD128.SH0 J02MD128.SI-IM 129 12 194 1135 15.0 J02MD129.SH0 J02MD129.SI-IM 130 12 194 1136 13.0 J02MD130.SH0 J02MD130.SI-IM 131 12 194 1137 11.0 J02MD131.SH0 J02MD131.SI-IM 132 12 194 1138 9.0 J02MD132.SH0 J02MD132.SI-IM 133 12 194 1139 7.5 J02MD133.SH0 J02MD133.SI-IM 134 12 194 1140 7.0 J02MD134.SH0 J02MD134.SlIM 135 12 194 1141 5.0 J02MD135.SH0 J02MD135.SHM 136 12 194 1142 3.0 J02MD136.SH0 J02MD136.SI-IM 137 13 194 1144 7.5 J02MD137.SH0 J02MD137.SI-IM 138 13 194 1145 7.5 J02MD138.SH0 J02MD138.SlIM 139 13 194 1146 7.5 J02MD139.SH0 J02MD139.SI-IM 140 13 194 1147 7.5 J02MD140.SH0 J02MD140.SIIM 141 13 194 1148 7.5 J02MD141.SH0 J02MD141.SI-IM 142 13 194 1149 7.5 J02MD142.SH0 J02MD142.SlIM 143 13 194 1150 7.5 J02MD143.SH0 J02MD143.SlIM 144 13 194 1151 7.5 J02MD144.SH0 J02MD144.SlIM 145 13 194 1151 7.5 J02MD145.SH0 J02MD145.SI-IM 146 13 194 1152 7.5 J02MD146.SH0 J02MD146.SlIM 147 13 194 1153 7.5 J02MD147.SH0 J02MD147.SlIM 148 14 194 1216 3.0 J02MD148.SH0 J02MD148.SlIM 149 14 194 1217 5.0 J02MD149.SH0 J02MD149.SlIM 150 14 194 1219 7.0 J02MD150.SH0 J02MD150.SI-IM 151 14 194 1221 7.5 J02MD151.SH0 J02MD151.SI-IM 152 14 194 1222 9.0 J02MD152.SH0 J02MD152.SI-IM 153 14 194 1223 11.0 J02MD153.SH0 J02MD153.SI-IM 164 15 194 1253 11.0 J02MD164.SH0 J02MD164.SHM 165 15 194 1254 13.0 J02MD165.SH0 J02MD165.SHM 166 15 194 1255 15.0 J02MD166.SH0 J02MD166.SHM 167 15 194 1256 17.0 J02MD167.SH0 J02MD167.SHM 168 15 194 1259 19.0 J02MD168.SH0 J02MD168.SHM 169 15 194 1300 21.0 J02MD169.SH0 J02MD169.SHM 170 16 194 1301 21.0 J02MD170.SH0 J02MD170.SHM 171 16 194 1302 19.0 J02MD171.SH0 J02MD171.SHM 172 16 194 1304 17.0 J02MD172.SH0 J02MD172.SHM 173 16 194 1306 15.0 J02MD173.SH0 J02MD173.SHM 174 16 194 1307 13.0 J02MD174.SH0 J02MD174.SHM 175 16 194 1310 11.0 J02MD175.SH0 J02MD175.SHM 176 16 194 1313 9.0 J02MD176.SH0 J02MD176.SHM 177 16 194 1314 7.5 J02MD177.SH0 J02MD177.SHM 178 16 194 1316 7.0 J02MD178.SH0 J02MD178.SHM 179 16 194 1318 5.0 J02MD179.SH0 J02MD179.SHM 180 16 194 1319 3.0 J02MD180.SH0 J02MD180.SHM 181 17 194 1417 3.0 J02MD181.SH0 J02MD181.SHM 182 17 194 1418 5.0 J02MD182.SH0 J02MD182.SHM 183 17 194 1419 7.0 J02MD183.SH0 J02MD183.SHM 184 17 194 1421 7.5 J02MD184.SH0 J02MD184.SHM 185 17 194 1422 9.0 J02MD185.SH0 J02MD185.SHM 186 17 194 1423 11.0 J02MD186.SH0 J02MD186.SHM 187 17 194 1425 13.0 J02MD187.SH0 J02MD187.SHM 188 17 194 1426 15.0 J02MD188.SH0 J02MD188.SHM 189 17 194 1427 17.0 J02MD189.SH0 J02MD189.SHM 190 17 194 1428 19.0 J02MD190.SH0 J02MD190.SHM 191 17 194 1434 21.0 J02MD191.SH0 J02MD191.SHM 192 18 195 0719 Bdarks J02MC192.SH0 J02MC192.SHM 192 18 195 0807 3.0 J02MD192.SH0 J02MD192.SHM 193 18 195 0808 5.0 J02MD193.SH0 J02MD193.SHM 194 18 195 0809 7.0 J02MD194.SH0 J02MD194.SHM 195 18 195 0810 7.5 J02MD195.SH0 J02MD195.SHM 196 18 195 0811 9.0 J02MD196.SH0 J02MD196.SHM 197 18 195 0812 11.0 J02MD197.SH0 J02MD197.SHM 198 18 195 0813 13.0 J02MD198.SH0 J02MD198.SHM 199 18 195 0814 15.0 J02MD199.SH0 J02MD199.SHM 200 18 195 0815 17.0 J02MD200.SH0 J02MD200.SHM 201 18 195 0816 19.0 J02MD201.SH0 J02MD201.SHM 202 18 195 0817 21.0 J02MD202.SH0 J02MD202.SHM 203 18 195 0819 23.0 J02MD203.SH0 J02MD203.SHM 204 18 195 0820 25.0 J02MD204.SH0 J02MD204.SHM 29

Original page 34

The SeaBOARR-98 Table B1. (cont.) A summary of the miniNESS deployment Field Campaign log for SeaBOARR-98. The data are organized according to sequential casts and experiments (Exp.). The deployment distance from the tower is given by x, and this column is also used to indicate when the darks were recorded for the profiler and the reference together (Bdarks) or individually (Pdarks and Rdarks, respectively). The filenames for the profiler and reference data are in the columns with the same name. All times are in GMT. Cast Exp. SDY Time m [m] Profiler Reference 205 18 195 0821 27.0 J02MD205.SH0 J02MD205.SHM 206 18 195 0822 29.0 J02MD206.SH0 J02MD206.SHM 207 19 195 0824 29.0 J02MD207.SH0 J02MD207.SHM 208 19 195 0825 27.0 J02MD208.SH0 J02MD208.SHM 209 19 195 0826 25.0 J02MD209.SH0 J02MD209.SHM 210 19 195 0827 23.0 J02MD210.SH0 J02MD210.SHM 211 19 195 0828 21.0 J02MD211.SH0 J02MD211.SHM 212 19 195 0829 19.0 J02MD212.SH0 J02MD212.SHM 213 19 195 0830 17.0 J02MD213.SH0 J02MD213.SHM 214 19 195 0831 15.0 J02MD214.SH0 J02MD214.SHM 215 19 195 0832 13.0 J02MD215.SH0 J02MD215.SHM 216 19 195 0833 ii.0 J02MD216.SH0 J02MD216.SHM 217 19 195 0835 9.0 J02MD217.SH0 J02MD217.SHM 218 19 195 0837 7.5 J02MD218.SH0 J02MD218.SHM Cast Exp. SDY Time m [m] Profiler Reference 219 19 195 0839 7.0 J02MD219.SH0 J02MD219.SHM 220 19 195 0841 5.0 J02MD220.SH0 J02MD220.SHM 221 19 195 0846 3.0 J02MD221.SH0 J02MD221.SHM 222 20 195 0946 3.0 J02MD222.SH0 J02MD222.SHM 223 20 195 0947 5.0 J02MD223.SH0 J02MD223.SHM 224 20 195 0948 7.0 J02MD224.SH0 J02MD224.SHM 225 20 195 0949 7.5 J02MD225.SH0 J02MD225.SHM 226 20 195 0950 9.0 J02MD226.SH0 J02MD226.SHM 227 20 195 0952 ii.0 J02MD227.SH0 J02MD227.SHM 228 20 195 0953 13.0 J02MD228.SH0 J02MD228.SHM 229 20 195 0954 15.0 J02MD229.SH0 J02MD229.SHM 230 20 195 0955 17.0 J02MD230.SH0 J02MD230.SHM 231 20 195 0956 19.0 J02MD231.SH0 J02MD231.SHM 232 20 195 0958 21.0 J02MD232.SH0 J02MD232.SHM Table C1. A summary of the SeaSAS deployment log for SeaBOARR-98. The data are organized according to sequential casts. The file name for each data type collected is constructed fl'om the root name and the four extensions. Dark files and sea and sky data have SC and SS codes in the root names, respectively. Cast State SDY Time Root Dir. Sea Sky R,ef. 1 Beg. 190 0830 J02SC001 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 190 0834 1 Beg. 190 0908 J02SS001 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 190 0912 2 Beg. 190 0902 J02SS002 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 190 0905 3 Beg. 190 0912 J02SS003 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 190 0931 Beg. 190 0933 End 190 0938 4 Beg. 190 0939 J02SS004 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 190 0942 5 Beg. 190 1257 J02SS005 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 190 1316 6 Beg. 190 1317 J02SS006 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 190 1320 7 Beg. 190 1322 J02SS007 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 190 1325 8 Beg. 190 1339 J02SC008 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 190 1342 9 Beg. 191 0750 J02SC009 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0753 10 Beg. 191 0855 J02SS010 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0905 11 Beg. 191 0906 J02SS011 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0909 12 Beg. 191 0909 J02SS012 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0914 13 Beg. 191 0915 J02SS013 .SHD .SHW .SHS SlIM End 191 0918 14 Beg. 191 0919 J02SS014 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0922 15 Beg. 191 0922 J02SS015 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 191 0925 3O All times are in GMT. Cast State SDY Time Root Dir. Sea Sky R,ef. 16 Beg. 191 1121 J02SS016 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1124 17 Beg. 191 1129 J02SS017 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1132 18 Beg. 191 1133 J02SS018 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1136 19 Beg. 191 1137 J02SS019 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1140 20 191 Aborted 21 191 Aborted 22 Beg. 191 1143 J02SS022 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1147 23 Beg. 191 1148 J02SS023 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1151 24 Beg. 191 1154 J02SS024 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1157 25 Beg. 191 1158 J02SS025 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1201 32 Beg. 191 1234 J02SS032 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1237 33 Beg. 191 1238 J02SS033 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1241 34 Beg. 191 1252 J02SS034 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1253 35 Beg. 191 1254 J02SS035 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1257 36 Beg. 191 1258 J02SS036 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1301 37 Beg. 191 1302 J02SS037 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 191 1305 38 Beg. 194 1016 J02SC038 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 194 1019 39 Beg. 194 1027 J02SS039 .SHD SHW .SHS .SLIM End 194 1030

Original page 35

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean Table C1. (cont.) A summary of the SeaSAS deployment log for SeaBOARR-98. The data are organized according to sequential casts. The file name for each data type collected is constructed from the root name and the four extensions. Dark files and sea and sky data have SC and SS codes in the root names, respectively. All times are in GMT. Cast State SDY Time Root Dir. Sea Sky Ref. 40 Beg. 194 1032 J02SS040 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHN End 194 1035 41 Beg. 194 1036 J02SS041 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1039 42 Beg. 194 1041 J02SS042 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1044 43 Beg. 194 1047 J02SS043 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1050 44 Beg. 194 1052 J02SS044 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1055 45 Beg. 194 1104 J02SS045 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1107 46 Beg. 194 1108 J02SS046 .SHD .SHW .SHS SHM End 194 1111 47 Beg. 194 1112 J02SS047 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1115 48 Beg. 194 1116 J02SS048 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1119 49 Beg. 194 1122 J02SS049 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1126 50 Beg. 194 1126 J02SS050 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1129 51 Beg. 194 1131 J02SS051 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1134 52 Beg. 194 1135 J02SS052 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1138 53 Beg. 194 1151 J02SS053 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1154 54 Beg. 194 1155 J02SS054 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1158 55 Beg. 194 1200 J02SS055 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1203 56 Beg. 194 1208 J02SS056 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1211 57 Beg. 194 1212 J02SS057 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1215 58 Beg. 194 1217 J02SS058 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1220 59 Beg. 194 1221 J02SS059 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1224 60 Beg. 194 1225 J02SS060 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1228 61 Beg. 194 1229 J02SS061 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1232 62 Beg. 194 1233 J02SS062 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1234 63 Beg. 194 1241 J02SS063 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1244 64 Beg. 194 1246 J02SS064 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1249 65 Beg. 194 1250 J02SS065 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1253 66 Beg. 194 1254 J02SS066 .SHD .SHW .SHS SIN End 194 1257 Cast State SDY Time Root Dir. Sea Sky Ref. 67 Beg. 195 0805 J02SC067 .SHD .SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0808 68 Beg. 195 0813 J02SS068 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0816 69 Beg. 195 0817 J02SS069 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0820 70 Beg. 195 0821 J02SS070 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0824 71 Beg. 195 0826 J02SS071 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0829 72 Beg. 195 0830 J02SS072 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0833 73 Beg. 195 0834 J02SS073 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0837 74 Beg. 195 0840 J02SS074 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0843 75 Beg. 195 0846 J02SS075 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0849 76 Beg. 195 0849 J02SS076 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0852 77 Beg. 195 0853 J02SS077 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0856 78 Beg. 195 0857 J02SS078 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0900 79 Beg. 195 0900 J02SS079 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0903 80 Beg. 195 0904 J02SS080 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0907 81 Beg. 195 0908 J02SS081 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0911 82 Beg. 195 0912 J02SS082 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0915 83 Beg. 195 0918 J02SS083 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0919 84 Beg. 195 0919 J02SS084 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0922 85 Beg. 195 0923 J02SS085 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0926 86 Beg. 195 0927 J02SS086 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0930 87 Beg. 195 0931 J02SS087 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0934 88 Beg. 195 0934 J02SS088 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0937 89 Beg. 195 0939 J02SS089 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0942 90 Beg. 195 0942 J02SS090 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0945 91 Beg. 195 0946 J02SS091 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0949 92 Beg. 195 0950 J02SS092 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0953 93 Beg. 195 0954 J02SS093 .SHD SHW .SHS .SIN End 195 0957 31

Original page 36

The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Table D1. A summary of the WiSPER Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The entries show the file names for each acquisition system associated with each COASTS station; blank entries indicate no data collected. The WiSPER files are the processed data in the SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) format (Hooker et al. 1994). The last column gives the sampling overlap between the WiSPER measurements and the DalSAS sequence numbers (Table F1). Station Sample File Date SDY Start End Name 9 July 190 1302 1327 46S3.RhD 10 July 191 0854 0856 46S4.RhD 10 July 191 1126 1148 46S5.RhD 10 July 191 1201 1223 46S5h. RAD 10 July 191 1249 1311 46S5B.RAD 10 July 191 1323 1349 46SSC.RAD 13 July 194 1028 1030 47S1.RhD 13 July 194 1106 1128 47Slh. RAD 13 July 194 1135 1158 47S1B.RAD 13 July 194 1217 1239 47S1C.RAD 13 July 194 1251 1313 47S1D.RAD 13 July 194 1430 1458 47S1E.RAD 14 July 195 0812 0834 47S2.RhD 14 July 195 0945 1007 47S3.RhD Table El. A summary of the deployment logs for the AC-9, shown are the HPLC pigment, yellow substance absorption (ays), names for each acquisition system associated with each COASTS Ca CTSM WS DalSAS [mgm 3] [mgm 3] [ms 1] Sequence 1.212 4.20 5.3 2 1.269 3.16 4.3 3 1.189 2.84 2.9 5, 6, 7 9, 10, 11 12 0.223 0.84 7.3 13 16, 17, 18 19, 20 22, 23 25 0.589 1.93 2.4 26, 27, 28 0.555 1.87 3.0 28, 36, 37 CE-318, and MFR-6 instruments during SeaBOARR-98. Also and particulate absorption (ap) logs. The entries show the file station; blank entries indicate no data collected. The WiSPER entries are the ASCII files associated with each station (calibrated, but unprocessed data). The processed WiSPER files are given in Table D1. Station Instrument Code WiSPER AC-9 CE-318 46S1 46S1.SAT 46Sl.ACM 46S1.NSU 46S2 46S2.SHT 46S2.ACM 46S2.NSU 46S2a 46S2h. SAT 46S2C.ACM 46S2.NSU 46S3 46S3.SHT 46S3.ACM 46S4 46S4.SHT 46S4.ACM 46S5 46S5.SHT 46S5.ACM 46SS.NSU 46S5A 46S5h. SAT 46S5B.ACM 46SS.NSU 46S5B 46S5B.SAT 46S5D.ACM 46SS.NSU 46S5C 46S5C.SAT 46S5F.ACM 46SS.NSU 47S1 47S1.SAT 47Sl.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47SIA 47SlA.SAT 47S1A.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47SIB 47S1B.SAT 47S1C.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47SIC 47SIC.SAT 47S1E.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47SID 47S1D.SAT 47S1G.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47SIE 47S1E.SAT 47SlI.ACM 47Sl.NSU 47S2 47S2.SHT 47S2.ACM 47S3 47S3.SAT 47S3.ACM 32 Water Sample MFR-6 HPLC ays ap 46SI.MFR 46Sl.PIG 46S1.DOM 46Sl.PAR 46S2.MFR 46S2.PIG 46S2.DOM 46S2.PAR 46S2.MFR 46S3.MFR 46S3.PIG 46S3.DOM 46S3.PAR 46S3.MFR 46S4.PIG 46S4.DOM 46S4.PAR 46S5.MFR 46S5.PIG 46S5.DOM 46S5.PAR 46S5.MFR 46S5.MFR 46S5.MFR 47SI.MFR 47Sl.PIG 47S1 .DOM 47SI.PAR 47SI.MFR 47SI.MFR 47SI.MFR 47SI.MFR 47SI.MFR 47S2.PIG 47S2.DOM 47S2.PAR 47S3.PIG 47S3.DOM 47S3.PAR

Original page 37

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean Table F1. A summary of the DalSAS Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The entries show the file names for each acquisition system associated with each COASTS station; blank entries indicate no data collected. The first column (S) is a sequential counter for each cast (C) set. Missing cast numbers indicated aborted collection events. All times are in GMT. S C State SDY Time File Name Mode 1 3 Beg. 190 0912 J02US003.SHG Sea,Sky End 0931 J02US00a. SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 3 Beg. 190 0933 J02UP003.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0938 J02UP00a. SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 4 Beg. 190 0939 J02UP004.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0942 JO2UPOO4.SHI Ed(0+),E_(0 +) 2 5 Beg. 190 1257 J02US00S.SHG Sea,Sky End 1316 J02US00S.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 6 Beg. 190 1317 J02UP006.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1320 J02UP006.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 7 Beg. 190 1322 J02UP007.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1325 J02UP007.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 8 Beg. 190 1339 J02UC008.SHG Darks End 1342 J02UC008.SHI Darks 9 Beg. 191 0750 J02UC009.SHG Darks End 0753 J02UC009.SHI Darks 3 10 Beg. 191 0855 J02US010.SHG Sea,Sky End 0905 J02US010.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 11 Beg. 191 0906 J02UP011.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0909 J02UP011.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 12 Beg. 191 0909 J02UP012.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0914 J02UP012.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 4 13 Beg. 191 0915 J02US013.SHG Sea,Sky End 0918 J02US013.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 14 Beg. 191 0919 J02UP014.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0922 J02UP014.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 15 Beg. 191 0922 J02UP01S.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0925 J02UP015.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 5 16 Beg. 191 1121 J02US016.SHG Sea,Sky End 1124 J02US016.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 17 Beg. 191 1129 J02UP017.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1132 J02UP017.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 6 18 Beg. 191 1133 J02US018.SHG Sea,Sky End 1136 J02US018.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 19 Beg. 191 1137 J02UP019.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1140 J02UP019.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 7 22 Beg. 191 1143 J02US022.SHG Sea,Sky End 1147 J02US022.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 23 Beg. 191 1148 J02UP023.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1151 J02UP023.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 8 24 Beg. 191 1154 J02US024.SHG Sea,Sky End 1157 J02US024.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 25 Beg. 191 1158 J02UP025.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1201 J02UP025.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 26 Beg. 191 1208 J02US026.SHG Sea,Sky End 1211 J02US026.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 27 Beg. 191 1214 J02UP027.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1217 J02UP027.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) 9 28 Beg. 191 1218 J02US028.SHG Sea,Sky End 1221 J02US028.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 29 Beg. 191 1222 J02UP029.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1225 J02UP029.SHI Ed(0+),E{(0 +) S C State SDY Time File Name Mode 10 30 Beg. 191 1226 J02US030.SHG Sea,Sky End 1229 J02US030.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 31 Beg. 191 1230 J02UP031.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1233 J02UP031.SHI Ed(0+),E,(0 +) 11 32 Beg. 191 1234 J02US032.SHG Sea,Sky End 1237 JO2USOa2.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 33 Beg. 191 1238 J02UP033.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1241 J02UP033.SHI Plaque,Sky 12 35 Beg. 191 1254 J02US035.SHG Sea,Sky End 1257 JO2USO35.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 36 Beg. 191 1258 J02UP036.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1301 JO2UPO36.SHI Ed(O+),Ei(O +) 37 Beg. 191 1302 J02US037.SHG Sea,Sky End 1305 J02US037. SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 38 Beg. 194 1016 J02UC038.SHG Darks End 1020 J02UC038.SHI Darks 13 39 Beg. 194 1027 J02US039.SHG Sea,Sky End 1030 J02US039.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 40 Beg. 194 1032 J02UP040.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1035 J02UP040.SHI Ed(O+),E,i(O +) 14 41 Beg. 194 1036 J02US041.SHG Sea,Sky End 1039 J02US041. SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 42 Beg. 194 1041 J02UP042.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1044 J02UP041.SHI Ed(0+),E,(0+) 15 43 Beg. 194 1047 J02US043.SHG Sea,Sky End 1050 J02US043.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 44 Beg. 194 1052 J02UP044.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1055 J02UP044.SHI Ed(O+),E,i(O +) 16 45 Beg. 194 1104 J02US045.SHG Sea,Sky End 1107 JO2USO45.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 46 Beg. 194 1108 J02UP046.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1111 J02UP046.SHI Ed(O+),E,i(O +) 17 47 Beg. 194 1112 J02US047.SHG Sea,Sky End 1115 J02US047. SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 48 Beg. 194 1116 J02UP048.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1119 J02UP048.SHI Ed(O+),Ei(O +) 18 49 Beg. 194 1123 J02US049.SHG Sea,Sky End 1126 JO2USO49.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 50 Beg. 194 1126 J02UPOS0.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1129 J02UP050.SHI Ed(O+),E,i(O +) 19 51 Beg. 194 1131 J02US051.SHG Sea,Sky End 1134 J02US051.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 52 Beg. 194 1135 J02UP052.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1138 J02UP052.SHI Ed(O+),Ei(O +) 20 53 Beg. 194 1151 J02US053.SHG Sea,Sky End 1154 JO2USOSa. SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 54 Beg. 194 1155 J02UP054.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1158 J02UP054.SHI Ed(O+),E,i(O +) 55 Beg. 194 1200 J02US055.SHG Aborted End 1203 J02US055.SHI Aborted 21 56 Beg. 194 1208 J02US056.SHG Sea,Sky End 1211 J02US056. SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 33

Original page 38

The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Table F1. (cont.) A summary of the DalSAS Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The entries show the file names for each acquisition system associated with each COASTS station; blank entries indicate no data collected. The first column (S) is a sequential counter for each cast (C) set. Missing cast numbers S C State SDY Time File Name Mode 21 57 Beg. 194 1212 J02UP057.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1215 302UP057.SHI Ed(O+),E_(O +) 22 58 Beg. 194 1217 J02US058.SHG Sea,Sky End 1220 302US058.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 59 Beg. 194 1221 J02UP059.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1224 JO2UPO59.SHI Ed(O+),E_(O +) 23 60 Beg. 194 1225 J02US060.SHG Sea,Sky End 1228 J02US060.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 61 Beg. 194 1229 J02UP061.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1232 302UP061.SHI Ed(O+),E{(O +) 62 Beg. 194 1233 J02US062.SHG Aborted End 1234 J02US062.SHI Aborted 24 63 Beg. 194 1241 J02US063.SHG Sea,Sky End 1244 J02US063.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 64 Beg. 194 1246 J02UP064.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1249 J02UP064.SHI Ed(O+),E_(O +) 25 65 Beg. 194 1250 J02US065.SHG Sea,Sky End 1253 J02US065.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 66 Beg. 194 1254 J02UP066.SHG Plaque,Sky End 1257 J02UP066.SHI Ed(0+),Ei(0 +) 67 Beg. 195 0805 J02UC067.SHG Darks End 0808 J02UC067.SHI Darks 26 68 Beg. 195 0813 J02US068.SHG Sea,Sky End 0816 J02US068.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 69 Beg. 195 0817 J02UP069.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0820 J02UP069.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 27 70 Beg. 195 0821 J02US070.SHG Sea,Sky End 0824 J02US070.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 71 Beg. 195 0826 J02UP071.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0829 J02UP071.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 28 72 Beg. 195 0830 J02US072.SHG Sea,Sky End 0833 J02US072.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 73 Beg. 195 0834 J02UP073.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0837 J02UP073.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 29 74 Beg. 195 0840 J02US074.SHG Sea,Sky End 0843 J02US074.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 75 Beg. 195 0846 J02UP075.SHG Plaque,Sky indicated aborted collection events. All times are in GMT. S C State SDY Time File Name Mode 29 75 End 195 0849 J02UP075.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 30 76 Beg. 195 0849 J02US076.SHG Sea,Sky End 0852 JO2USO76.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 77 Beg. 195 0853 J02UP077.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0856 302UP077.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 31 78 Beg. 195 0857 J02US078.SHG Sea,Sky End 0900 302US078.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 79 Beg. 195 0900 J02UP079.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0904 J02UP079.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 32 80 Beg. 195 0904 J02US080.SHG Sea,Sky End 0907 J02US080.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 81 Beg. 195 0908 J02UP081.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0911 J02UP081.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 82 Beg. 195 0912 J02US082.SHG Sea,Sky End 0915 JO2USO82.SHI Sea,Sky Beg. 195 0918 Aborted End 0918 Aborted 33 84 Beg. 195 0919 J02UP084.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0922 J02UP084.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 85 Beg. 195 0923 J02US085.SHG Sea,Sky End 0926 J02US085.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 34 86 Beg. 195 0927 J02UP086.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0930 J02UP086.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 87 Beg. 195 0931 J02US087.SHG Sea,Sky End 0934 J02US087.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 35 88 Beg. 195 0934 J02UP088.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0937 J02UP088.SHI Ed(0+),Ed(0 +) 89 Beg. 195 0939 J02US089.SHG Sea,Sky End 0942 J02US089.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 36 90 Beg. 195 0942 J02UP090.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0945 J02UP090.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 91 Beg. 195 0946 J02US091.SHG Sea,Sky End 0949 J02US091.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 37 92 Beg. 195 0950 J02UP092.SHG Plaque,Sky End 0953 J02UP092.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) 93 Beg. 195 0954 J02US093.SHG Sea,Sky End 0957 J02US093.SHI Ed(O+),Ed(O +) Table G1. A summary of the DalBOSS Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The entries show the file names for each acquisition event. Early in the field campaign, the DalBOSS data were collected in hourly (track) files rather than as 3 minute casts synchronized with the DalSAS and SeaSAS instruments. All times are in GMT. Cast SDY Time State File Name Cast SDY Time State File Name Cast SDY Time State File Name %'ack 190 0848 Beg. J9819008.SHA %'ack 190 1300 Beg. J9819013.SHA %'ack 191 1100 Beg. J9819111.SHA 190 0859 End 190 1359 End 191 1143 End %'ack 190 0900 Beg. 39819009.SHA %'ack 190 1400 Beg. J9819014.SHA 191 1144 Beg. 190 0959 End 190 1413 End 191 1144 End %'ack 190 1000 Beg. J9819010.SHA %'ack 191 0740 Beg. J9819107.SHA 191 1146 Beg. 190 1059 End 191 0759 End 191 1149 End %'ack 190 1100 Beg. J9819011.SHA %'ack 191 0800 Beg. J9819108.SHA 191 1150 Beg. 190 1159 End 191 0805 End 191 1153 End %'ack 190 1200 Beg. J9819012.SHA %'ack 191 1000 Beg. J9819110.SHA 191 1156 Beg. 190 1259 End 191 1059 End 191 1159 End 34

Original page 39

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean Table G1. (cont.) A summary of the DalBOSS Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The entries show the file names for each acquisition event. Early in the field campaign, the DalBOSS data were collected in hourly (track) files rather than as 3 minute casts synchronized with the DalSAS and SeaSAS instruments. All times are in GMT. Cast SDY Time State File Name Cast SDY Time State File Name Cast SDY Time State File Name Track 191 1201 Beg. J9819112.SHA 48 194 1117 Beg. JO2FDO48.SHA 71 195 0826 Beg. J02FD071.SHA 191 1204 End 194 1121 End 195 0829 End 191 1210 Beg. 49 194 1123 Beg. J02FD049.SHA 72 195 0831 Beg. J02FD072.SHA 191 1213 End 194 1126 End 195 0834 End 191 1216 Beg. 50 194 1127 Beg. J02FD050.SHA 73 195 0834 Beg. J02FD073.SHA 191 1219 End 194 1130 End 195 0837 End 191 1220 Beg. 51 194 1131 Beg. J02FD051.SHA 74 195 0840 Beg. J02FD074.SHA 191 1223 End 194 1134 End 195 0843 End 191 1224 Beg. 52 194 1135 Beg. J02FD052.SHA 75 195 0846 Beg. J02FD075.SHA 191 1227 End 194 1138 End 195 0849 End 191 1228 Beg. 53 194 1151 Beg. J02FD053.SHA 76 195 0850 Beg. J02FD076.SHA 191 1231 End 194 1154 End 195 0853 End 191 1232 Beg. 54 194 1155 Beg. J02FD054.SHA 77 195 0853 Beg. J02FD077.SHA 191 1235 End 194 1159 End 195 0856 End 191 1236 Beg. 55 194 1200 Beg. J02FD055.SHA 78 195 0857 Beg. J02FD078.SHA 191 1239 End 194 1203 End 195 0900 End 191 1240 Beg. 56 194 1208 Beg. J02FD056.SHA 79 195 0901 Beg. J02FD079.SHA 191 1243 End 194 1211 End 195 0904 End 34 191 1254 Beg. J02FD034.SHA 57 194 1212 Beg. J02FD057.SHA 80 195 0905 Beg. J02FD080.SHA 191 1255 End 194 1215 End 195 0908 End 35 191 1256 Beg. J02FD035.SHA 58 194 1217 Beg. J02FD058.SHA 81 195 0908 Beg. J02FD081.SHA 191 1259 End 194 1220 End 195 0911 End 36 191 1300 Beg. J02FD036.SHA 59 194 1221 Beg. J02FD059.SHA 82 195 0912 Beg. J02FD082.SHA 191 1303 End 194 1224 End 195 0915 End 37 191 1304 Beg. J02FD037.SHA 60 194 1225 Beg. J02FD060.SHA 84 195 0919 Beg. J02FD084.SHA 191 1307 End 194 1228 End 195 0922 End 39 194 1027 Beg. J02FD039.SHA 61 194 1229 Beg. J02FD061.SHA 85 195 0923 Beg. J02FD085.SHA 194 1030 End 194 1232 End 195 0926 End 40 194 1032 Beg. J02FD040.SHA 62 194 1233 Beg. J02FD062.SHA 86 195 0927 Beg. J02FD086.SHA 194 1035 End 194 1234 End 195 0930 End 41 194 1037 Beg. J02FD041.SHA 63 194 1242 Beg. J02FD063.SHA 87 195 0931 Beg. J02FD087.SHA 194 1040 End 194 1245 End 195 0934 End 42 194 1041 Beg. J02FD042.SHA 64 194 1246 Beg. J02FD064.SHA 88 195 0935 Beg. J02FD088.SHA 194 1044 End 194 1249 End 195 0938 End 43 194 1047 Beg. J02FD043.SHA 65 194 1250 Beg. J02FD065.SHA 89 195 0939 Beg. J02FD089.SHA 194 1050 End 194 1253 End 195 0942 End 44 194 1052 Beg. J02FD044.SHA 67 194 1254 Beg. J02FD067.SHA 90 195 0943 Beg. J02FD090.SHA 194 1055 End 194 1257 End 195 0946 End 45 194 1104 Beg. J02FD045.SHA 68 195 0813 Beg. J02FD068.SHA 91 195 0946 Beg. J02FD091.SHA 194 1107 End 195 0816 End 195 0949 End 46 194 1108 Beg. J02FD046.SHA 69 195 0818 Beg. J02FD069.SHA 92 195 0950 Beg. J02FD092.SHA 194 1111 End 195 0821 End 195 0953 End 47 194 1112 Beg. J02FD047.SHA 70 195 0821 Beg. J02FD070.SHA 194 1115 End 195 0824 End Table HI. A summary of the SQM-II Deployment Log for SeaBOAFI_R-98. The DUT involved for each 3 minute each acquisition event is encoded in the file name: J2xcnnis.RAW where x is the session sequence letter, c is the DUT code, nn is a two-digit serial number, i is either L for light data or D for dark data, and s is the acquisition sequence letter. The (internal) monitor voltage is given in the VM [mV] column. All times are in GMT. Time File Name VM Time File Name VM Time File Name VM Time File Name VM J2B (S July) 1616 J2BR69LA.RAW 64.33 1636 J2BI30DA.RAW 64.40 1706 J2BI71DA.RAW 64.40 1600 J2BB01LA.RAW 64.36 1622 J2BR69LB.RAW 64.37 1646 J2BR46LA.RAW 64.40 1714 J2BR35LA.RAW 64.42 1605 J2BG01LB.RAW 64.36 1626 J2BR69DA.RAW 1651 J2BR46DA.RAW 64.38 1719 J2BR35DA.RAW 64.44 1609 J2BW01LA.RAW 64.36 1632 J2BI30LA.RAW 64.46 1701 J2BI71LA.RAW 64.45 1933 J2BR35LB.RAW 64.51 35

Original page 40

The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign Table H1. (cont.) A summary of the SQM-II Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-98. The DUT involved for each 3 minute each acquisition event is encoded in the file name: J2xcnnis .RflW where x is the session sequence letter, c is the DUT code), nn is a two-digit serial number, i is either L for light data or D for dark data, and s is the acquisition sequence letter. The (internal) monitor voltage is given in the VM [mV] column. All times are in GMT. Time File Name VM Time File Name VM 1937 J2BR35DB.RAW 64.50 1746 J2CI93LA.RAW 64.57 1944 J2BI4OLA.RAW 64.53 1750 J2CI93DA.RAW 64.53 1948 J2BI40Dfl.RflW 64.53 1756 J2CR09LA.RAW 64.55 1954 J2BR67Lfl.RflW 64.50 1800 J2CR09DA.RAW 64.52 1959 J2BR67Dfl.RflW 64.48 1803 J2CR64LA.RAW 64.54 2006 J2BI97Lfl.RflW 64.52 1806 J2CR64DA.RAW 64.53 2011 J2BI97Dfl.RflW 64.47 1810 J2CB01LB.RAW 64.51 2033 J2BI98Lfl.RflW 64.55 1814 J2CG01LB.RAW 64.52 2037 J2BI98Dfl.RflW 65.00 1818 J2CW01LB.RAW 64.59 2046 J2BR28Lfl.RflW 64.53 1822 J2CB01DA.RAW -0.08 2053 J2BR28Dfl.RflW 64.51 J2D(13 July) 2108 J2BI20Lfl.RflW 65.43 1544 J2DB01LA.RAW 64.17 2112 J2BI20Dfl.RflW 64.50 1549 J2DG01LA.RAW 64.20 2118 J2BI93Lfl.RflW 64.57 1553 J2DW01LA.RAW 64.20 2123 J2BI93Dfl.RflW 64.52 1559 J2DI2OLA.RAW 2132 J2BR09Lfl.RflW 64.50 1603 J2DI2ODA.RAW 64.70 2136 J2BR09Dfl.RflW 64.49 1607 J2DI93LA.RAW 64.25 2140 J2BR64Lfl.RflW 64.52 1611 J2DI93DA.RAW 64.19 2144 J2BR64Dfl.RflW 64.52 1621 J2DR69LA.RAW 64.23 2155 J2BI99Lfl.RflW 64.55 1625 J2DR69DA.RAW 64.22 2159 J2BI99Dfl.RflW 64.50 1638 J2DR35LA.RAW 64.23 2209 J2BN48Lfl.RflW 64.56 1642 J2DR35DA.RAW 64.23 2213 J2BN48Dfl.RflW 64.50 1647 J2DI40LA.RAW 64.32 2217 J2BQ33Lfl.RflW 64.54 1651 J2DI40DA.RAW 64.28 2221 J2BQ33Dfl.RflW 64.52 1659 J2DR09LA.RAW 64.31 2227 J2BB01LB.RflW 64.50 1703 J2DR09DA.RAW 64.25 2231 J2BG01LC.RflW 64.55 1707 J2DR64LA.RAW 64.27 2235 J2BW01LB.RflW 64.57 1711 J2DR64DA.RAW 64.26 2241 J2BB01Dfl.RflW -0.08 1717 J2DR28LA.RAW 64.28 J2C (9 July) 1721 J2DR28DA.RAW 64.28 1638 J2CB01LA.RAW 64.37 1726 J2DI99LA.RAW 64.24 1642 J2CG01LA.RAW 64.39 1730 J2DI99DA.RAW 64.21 1646 J2CW01LA.RAW 64.44 1736 J2DR46LA.RAW 64.20 1654 J2CR69LA.RAW 64.41 1739 J2DR46DA.RAW 64.19 1658 J2CR69DA.RAW 64.41 1743 J2DI71LA.RAW 64.24 1702 J2CI30LA.RAW 64.48 1746 J2DI71DA.RAW 1707 J2CI30DA.RAW 64.43 1750 J2DB01LB.RAW 64.18 1712 J2CR35LA.RAW 64.45 1755 J2DG01LB.RAW 64.19 1716 J2CR35DA.RAW 64.45 1758 J2DW01LB.RAW 64.22 1720 J2CI40LA.RAW 64.52 1802 J2DB01DA.RAW -0.07 1723 J2CI40DA.RAW 64.46 J2E (14 July) 1730 J2CR28LA.RAW 64.48 1446 J2EB01LA.RAW 64.00 1733 J2CR28DA.RAW 64.50 1450 J2EG01LA.RAW 64.02 1738 J2CI20LA.RAW 64.52 1454 J2EW01LA.RAW 64.05 1742 J2CI20DA.RAW 64.50 1500 J2EB01LB.RAW Time File Name VM Time File Name VM J2F (14 July) 1459 J2HW01Lh. RhW 62.49 1625 J2FB01Lh.RhW 64.35 1504 J2HR28Lh. RhW 62.47 1629 J2FG01Lh.RhW 64.35 1509 J2HR28DA.RAW 62.41 1632 J2FW01Lh.RhW 64.38 1521 J2HR35LA.RAW 62.49 1638 J2FR69Lh.RhW 1526 J2HR35DA.RAW 62.52 1641 J2FR69Dh.RhW 64.39 1533 J2HR64LA.RAW 62.51 1647 J2FR35Lh.RhW 64.38 1538 J2HR64DA.RAW 62.52 1650 J2FR35Dh.RhW 64.36 1544 J2HI40LA.RAW 62.59 1658 J2FI40Lh.RhW 64.41 1549 J2HI40DA.RAW 62.59 1702 J2FI40Dh.RhW 64.39 1556 J2HB01LB.RhW 62.51 1708 J2FR28Lh.RhW 64.40 1602 J2HG01LB.RAW 62.62 1712 J2FR28Dh.RhW 64.40 1607 J2HW01LB.RAW 62.70 1717 J2FI99Lh.RhW 64.44 1613 J2HB01DA.RAW -0.07 1721 J2FI99Dh.RhW 64.40 J2I (11 August) 1727 J2FI20Lh.RhW 64.42 1401 J21BOILh. RhW 62.75 1731 J2FI20Dh.RhW 64.40 1406 J2IG01LA.RAW 62.78 1734 J2FI93Lh.RhW 64.43 1412 J2IW01LA.RAW 62.84 1737 J2FI93Dh.RhW 64.42 1417 J2IR69LA.RAW 62.84 1744 J2FR09Lh.RhW 64.45 1422 J2IR69DA.RAW 62.86 1747 J2FR09Dh.RhW 64.45 1437 J2II30LA.RAW 62.91 1751 J2FR64Lh.RhW 64.45 1452 J2II30DA.RAW 62.89 1755 J2FR64Dh.RhW 64.44 1458 J2IR35LA.RAW 62.89 1759 J2FB01LB.RhW 64.44 1503 J2IR35DA.RAW 62.94 1802 J2FG01LB.RhW 64.45 1508 J2II40LA.RAW 63.04 1806 J2FW01LB.RhW 64.50 1513 J2II40DA.RAW 62.99 1811 J2FB01Dh.RhW -0.08 1541 J2IR28LA.RAW 63.14 J2G (6 August) 1548 J2IR28DA.RAW 63.08 1843 J2GB01LA.RAW 61.90 1736 J2II20LA.RAW 63.48 1849 J2GG01LA.RAW 61.95 1740 J2II20DA.RAW 63.44 1901 J2GW01LA.RAW 62.01 1744 J2II93LA.RAW 63.48 1907 J2GI20LA.RAW 62.04 1748 J2II93DA.RAW 63.46 1913 J2GI20DA.RAW 62.02 1707 J2IR09LA.RAW 63.36 1918 J2GI93LA.RAW 62.07 1711 J2IR09DA.RAW 63.33 1923 J2GI93DA.RAW 62.06 1715 J2IR64LA.RAW 63.38 1937 J2GR09LA.RAW 62.10 1719 J2IR64DA.RAW 63.36 1947 J2GR09DA.RAW 62.18 1620 J2II99LA.RAW 63.24 1952 J2GR69Lh.RhW 62.19 1625 J2II99DA.RAW 63.22 1956 J2GR69DA.RAW 62.19 1638 J2IN48LA.RAW 63.31 2000 J2GB01LB.RAW 62.21 1644 J2IN48DA.RAW 63.29 2007 J2GG01LB.RAW 62.22 1649 J2IQ33LA.RAW 63.33 2012 J2GW01LB.RAW 62.26 1654 J2IQ33DA.RAW 63.30 2018 J2GBOIDA.RAW -0.08 1753 J2IB01LB.RAW 63.49 J2H (7 August) 1759 J2IG01LB.RAW 63.49 1449 J2HB01LA.RAW 62.40 1804 J2IW01LB.RAW 63.54 1454 J2HGOILh.RhW 62.43 1810 J21BOIDh. RhW -0.04 ) The DUT codes are as follows: B for a black fiducial, G for a glass (radiance) fiducial, I for an OCI-200 in-water irradiance sensor, M for an OCI-200 in-air irradiance sensor, N for an OCI-1000 in-air irradiance sensor, Q for an OCR71000 in-water radiance sensor, R for an OCR7200 in-water radiance sensor, and W for a white (irradiance) fiducial. 36

Original page 41

S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean GLOSSARY A/D Analog-to-Digital AAOTAcqua Alta Oceanographic Tower AC Alternating Current AER,ONETAerosol Robotic Network AMTAtlantic Meridional Transect AMT-5The Fifth AMT Cruise ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange BR,DFBidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function CCCloud Cover CCPOCenter for Coastal Physical Oceanography CDOMColored Dissolved Organic Matter CECCommission of the European Communities CERTCalibration Evaluation and Radiometric Testing CNRConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (National Research Council) COASTSCoastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series CTDConductivity, Temperature, and Depth DalBOSSDalhousie Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor DalSASDalhousie SeaWiFS Aircraft Simulator DARR794Data Analysis Round-Robin DASData Acquisition Sequence DATANot an acronym, but a designator for the Satlantic, Inc., series of power and telemetry units. DC Direct Current DCPData Collection Platform DIR Not an acronym, but a designator for the Satlantic, Inc., series of directional units. DUTDevice Under Test DVMDigital Voltmeter GF/F Not an acronym, but a specific type of glass fiber filter manufactured by Whatman. GMT Greenwich Mean Time GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography IOP Inherent Optical Property ISDGM Istituto per lo Studio della Dinamica delle Grandi Masse (Italy) JRC Joint Research Centre LoCNESS Low-Cost NASA Environmental Sampling System LS Light Stability MFR-6 Multi-Filter Rotating Shadow-Band Radiometer METEOSAT Meteorological Satellite miniNESS miniature NASA Environmental Sampling System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIR Near-Infrared NRSR Normalized Remote Sensing Reflectance OCI Ocean Color Irradiance OCR Ocean Color Radiance PC Personal Computer PM Particulate Matter RMSD Root Mean Square Difference RSMAS Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science S/N Serial Number SAI Space Applications Institute SeaBASS SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System SeaBOARR SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin SeaBOARR-98 The First SeaBOAR.R (held in 1998) SeaBOSS SeaWiFS Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor SeaFALLS SeaWiFS Free-Falling Advanced Light Level Sensors SeaOPS SeaWiFS Optical Profiling System SeaSAS SeaWiFS Surface Acquisition System SeaSUR.F SeaWiFS Square Underwater Reference Frame SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor SDY Sequential Day of the Year SIMBIOS Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Ocean Studies SIR,REX SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment SIRREX-3 The Third SIR,REX SIRREX-4 The Fourth SIR,REX SMSR SeaWiFS Multichannel Surface Reference SOOP SeaWiFS Ocean Optics Protocols SPMR SeaWiFS Profiling Multichannel Radiometer SQM SeaWiFS Quality Monitor SQM-II The Second Generation SQM Sea State SS THOR, Three-Headed Optical Recorder TSM Total Suspended Matter UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply Western Environmental Technology Labora- WETLabs tories (Inc.) WiSPER Wire-Stabilized Profiling Environmental R.adiometer WMO World Meteorological Organization WS Wind Speed SYMBOLS (v) A measurement corrected for scattering effects. (^) A measurement corrected for temperature and salinity effects. a Absorption (of seawater). ap Particulate absorption coefficient (of seawater). The peak pigmented area. Ap A8 The internal standard area. ays() The yellow substance absorption coefficient. Asu() The absorbance of the equivalent particle suspension. Ays(,) The yellow substance absorbance. Attenuation (of seawater). c C The chlorophyll concentration. Co A spectral calibration constant. C1 A spectral calibration constant. Ca The concentration of chlorophyll a. Ca+a The concentration of chlorophyll a plus chlorophyllide a. Cp Pigment concentration. CTSM The concentration of total suspended matter. e A regression coefficient. Ed Downwelled irradiance. Ei Indirect (diffuse) irradiance. Ep Plaque downwelling total irradiance. E_ Upwelled irradiance. 37

Original page 42

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign fp The relative response factor for a particular pigment. FA The flter clearance area. K,_ The diffuse attenuation coefficient calculated from L_(z) data. K,w The attenuation coefficient for pure water. Lc The pathlength of a cuvette. Li Indirect (sky) radiance. Lp Plaque radiance. LT Total radiance (for z 0 +, right above the sea surface). L_ Upwelled radiance. Lw Water-leaving radiance. LAw(0 +, &) Water-leaving radiance derived from in-air method A. L_v (0 +, &) Water-leaving radiance derived from in-water method B. m The sea water absorption, a(), or attenuation, c(), measured by the AC-9 before any temperature or salinity correction. n_() The refractive index of seawater. N The number of measurements. Rf() The filter reflectance. Rrs Remote sensing reflectance. S Salinity. T Temperature. T _ The temperature of water during calibration. VI The volume filtered. VM The (internal) monitor voltage. Vw The volume of filtered water. W_ The internal standard weight. x The abscissa. y The ordinate. z The vertical coordinate. z0 Center depth. c_ The tngstrSm exponent. /3 The Nngstr6m coefficient. log [p_l(a)] _ 0.5log [p_1(750)]. ,. LT(A,,, ¢', )/L(A,,, ¢', '). (Z Z -- Zo. Az The integration half interval (Az _ 4 10 m). AL A correction factor for the specular reflection of sky light and the residual reflection of downwelling radiation from wave facets. 0 The solar zenith angle. v The nadir angle. v r - v. Wavelength. A0 Reference wavelength. A,, A wavelength in the near infrared part of the spectrum. # The estimated mean. p(A) The Fresnel reflectance of seawater. flT()) Transmission mode reflectance. flR()) Reflectance mode reflectance. One standard deviation. - An instrument-dependent function. 38 ¢ The solar azimuth angle. ¢ ¢ 4- _ (90 ° away fl'om the sun in either direction, i.e., ¢+ or ¢-). ¢-¢ . ¢÷ ¢+. The perturbations (or tilts) in alignment away from Z. Xc A regression coefficient. cB The root mean square difference using in-water method B. REFERENCES Aiken, J., D.G. Cummings, S.W. Gibb, N.W. Rees, R. Woodd- Walker, E.M.S. Woodward, J. Woolfenden, S.B. Hooker, J-F. Berthon, C.D. Dempsey, D.J. Suggett, P. Wood, C. Donlon, N. Gonz£1ez-Bemtez, I. Huskin, M. Quevedo, R. Barciela-Fernandez, C. de Vargas, and C. McKee, 1999: AMT-5 Cruise Report. NASA Tech. Memo. 1998 206892, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 113 pp. Austin, R.W., 1974: The remote sensing of spectral radiance from below the ocean surface. In: Optical Aspects of Oceanography, N.G. Jerlov and E.S. Nielsen, Eds., Academic Press, London, 317 344. , 1980: Gulf of Mexico, ocean color surface truth measurements. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 269 85. , and T.J. Petzold, 1981: The determination of diffuse attenuation coefficient of sea water using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. In: Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 239 256. Bukata, R.P., J.H. Jerome, and J.E. Bruton, 1988: Particulate Concentrations in Lake St. Clair as Recorded by Shipborne Multispectral Optical Monitoring System. Remote Sens. Envir., 25, 201 229. , , K.Y. Kondrattyev, and D.V. Pozdnyakov, 1995: Optical Properties and Remote Sensing of Inland and Coastal Waters. Ct=[C Press, Boca Raton, Florida 362 pp. Carder, K.L., and R.G. Steward, 1985: A remote sensing reflectance model of a red tide dinoflagellate off West Florida. Lirnnol. Oceanogr., 30, 286 298. Ferrari, G.M., M.D. Dowell, S. Grossi, and C. Targa, 1996: Relationship between the optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and total concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea region. Mar. Chem., 55, 299 316. Gordon, H.R., 1981: A preliminary assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm in a horizontally inhomogeneous atmosphere. In: Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 25_266. , and K. Ding, 1992: Self shading of in-water optical instruments. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 491 500.

Original page 43

S.Hooker,G.Zibordi,G. Lazin,andS.McLean --, andM.Wang,1994:Retrievalofwater-leavingradiances---, P-S. Shaw, S.B. Hooker, and D. Lynch, 1998: Radiometwith Sea- ric and engineering performance of the SeaWiFS Quality andaerosolopticalthicknessoverthe oceans WiFS:apreliminaryalgorithm,Appl. Opt., 33,443 452. Harrison, L., J. Michalsky, and J. Berndt, 1994: Automatic multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer: An instrument for optical depth and radiation measurements. Appl. Opt., 33, 5,118 5,125. Holben, B.N., T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. TanrS, J.P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan, Y.I. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, and A. Smirnov, 1998: AERO- NET A federal instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1 16. Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg, and C.R. McClain, 1992: An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 24pp., plus color plates. --, and ---, 1993: An overview of the SeaWiFS project. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, 74, 241 246 --, C.R. McClain, and A. Holmes, 1993a: Ocean color imaging: CZCS to SeaWiFS. Marine Tech. Soc. J., 27, 3 15. --, W.E. Esaias, and L.A. Rexrode, 1993b: Proceedings of the First SeaWiFS Science Team Meeting. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. & S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 61 pp. --, C.R. McClain, J.K. Firestone, T.L. Westphal, E-n. Yeh, and Y. Ge, 1994: The SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS), Part 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 20, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 40 pp. --, and J. Aiken, 1998: Calibration evaluation and radiometric testing of field radiometers with the SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM). J. Atrnos. Oceanic Tech., 15,995 1,007. --, and C.R. McClain. 1999. A comprehensive plan for the calibration and validation of SeaWiFS data. Prog. Oceanogr., (submitted). Jeffrey, S.W., R.F.C. Mantoura, and S.W. Wright (Eds.), 1997: Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography: Guidelines to Modern Methods. UNESCO Publishing, Paris, 661 pp. Johnson, B.C., S.S. Bruce, E.A. Early, J.M. Houston, T.R. O'Brian, A. Thompson, S.B. Hooker, and J.L. Mueller, 1996. The Fourth SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment (SIRREX-4), May 1995. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 3Z S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 65 pp. Monitor (SQM): A portable light source for field radiometers. J. Atrnos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 1,008 1,022. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 1994: Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flmx Study Core Measurements. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. Manual and Guides, UNESCO, 29, 91 96. Lazin, G., 1998: Correction Methods for Low-Altitude Remote Sensing of Ocean Color. M. Sc. Thesis, Dalhousie University, 98 pp. , S. Hooker, G. Zibordi, S. McLean, and M.R. Lewis, 1998: In-water and above-water measurements of ocean color. Proc. Ocean Optics XIV, [Available on CD-ROM], Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC. Lee, Z.P., K.L. Carder, R.G. Steward, T.G. Peacock, C.O. Davis, and J.L. Mueller, 1996: Remote sensing reflectance and inherent optical properties of oceanic waters derived from above-water measurements. Proc. SPIE, 2,963, 160 166. McLean, S., S. Feener, J. Scrutton, M. Small, S. Hooker, and M. Lewis, 1998: SQM-II: A commercial portable light source for field radiometer quality assurance. Proc. Ocean @tics XIV, [Available on CD-ROM], Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC. Morel, A., 1980: In-water and remote measurements of ocean color. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 177 201. , 1988: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (Case I waters). J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,749 10,768. Mueller, J.L., and R.W. Austin, 1992: Ocean Optics Protocols for SeaWiFS Validation. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 5, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 43 pp. , and --, 1995: Ocean Optics Protocols for SeaWiFS Validation, Revision 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 25, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone, and J.G. Acker, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 66 pp. , B.C. Johnson, C.L. Cromer, S.B. Hooker, J.T. McLean, and S.F. Biggar, 1996: The Third SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment (SIRREX-3), 19 30 September 1994. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 34, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone, and J.G. Acker, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 78 pp. Robins, D.B., A.J. Bale, G.F. Moore, N.W. Rees, S.B. Hooker, C.P. Gallienne, A.G. Westbrook, E. Marafidn, W.H. Spooner, and S.R. Laney, 1996: AMT-1 Cruise Report and Preliminary Results. NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 35, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 87 pp. 39

Original page 44

TheSeaBOARR-98FieldCampaign Siegel,D.A.,M.C.O'Brien,J.C.Sorensen,D.A.Konnoff,E.A. THE SEAWIFS POSTLAUNCH andS.B. TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES Brody,J.L. Mueller,C.O.Davis,W.J.Rhea, Hooker,1995:Resultsof the SeaWiFSDataAnalysis Round-Robin(DARR-94),July1994.NASA Tech. Memo. 104566, Vol. 26, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 58 pp. Smith, R.C., and K.S. Baker, 1984: The analysis of ocean optical data. Ocean Optics VII, M. Blizard, Ed., SPIE 478, 119 126. --, and K.S. Baker, 1986: Analysis of ocean optical data II. Ocean Optics VIII, P.N. Slater, Ed., SPIE, 637, 95 107. Strickland, J.D.H., and T.R. Parsons, 1972: A Practical Handbook of Sea Water Analysis. Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 310 pp. Tassan, S., and M. Ferrari, 1995: An alternative approach to absorption measurements of aquatic particles retained on filters. Lirnnol. Oceanogr., 40, 1,358 1,368. Zaneveld, J.R.V., J.C. Kitchen, A. Bricaud, and C. Moore, 1992: Analysis of in situ spectral absorption meter data. Ocean Optics XI, Proc. SPIE, 1,750, 18_200. Zibordi, G., and M. Ferrari, 1995: Instrument self-shading in underwater optical measurements: Experimental data. Appl. Opt., 34, 2,750 2,754. --, J.P. Doyle, and S.B. Hooker, 1999: Offshore tower shading effects on in-water optical measurements, or. Atrnos. and Oceanic Tech., (accepted). 4O Vol. 1 Johnson, B.C., J.B. Fowler, and C.L. Cromer, 1998: The Sea- WiFS Transfer Radiometer (SXR). NASA Tech. Memo. 1998 206892, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker and E.R.. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 58 pp. Vol. 2 Aiken, J., D.G. Cummings, S.W. Gibb, N.W.R.ees, R.. Woodd- Walker, E.M.S. Woodward, J. Woolfenden, S.B. Hooker, J-F. Berthon, C.D. Dempsey, D.J. Suggett, P. Wood, C. Donlon, N. Gonzglez-Benltez, I. Huskin, M. Quevedo, R.. Barciela-Fernandez, C. de Vargas, and C. McKee, 1998: AMT-5 Cruise R.eport. NASA Tech. Memo. 199_206892, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R.. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 113 pp. Vol. 3 Hooker, S.B., G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean, 1999: The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999 206892, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 40 pp.

Original page 45

REPORT DOCUMENTATION Form Approved PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE March 1999 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Volume 3: The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign 6. AUTHOR(S) 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Technical Memorandum 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Code 970.2 Stanford B. Hooker, Giuseppe Zibordi, Gordana Lazin, and Scott McLean Series Editors: Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES) Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546-0001 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 99B00021 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER TM--1998-206892, Vol. 3 E.R. Firestone: SAIC General Sciences Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland; G. Lazin: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; S. McLean: Satlantic, Inc., Halifax, Canada; and G. Zibordi: 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Unclassified-Unlimited Subject Category: 48 Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Information, 7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This report documents the scientific activities during the first Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Bio- Optical Algorithm Round-Robin (SeaBOARR-98) experiment, which took place from 5-17 July 1998, at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) in the northern Adriatic Sea off the coast of Italy. The ultimate objective of the SeaBOARR activity is to evaluate the effect of different measurement protocols on bio-optical algorithms using data from a variety of field campaigns. The SeaBOARR-98 field campaign was concerned with collecting a high quality data set of simultaneous in-water and above-water radiometric measurements. The deployment goals documented in this report were to: a) use four different surface glint correction methods to compute water-leaving radiances, Lw(), from above-water data; b) use two different in-water profiling systems and three different methods to compute Lw( ) from inwater data (one making measurements at a fixed distance from the tower, 7.5 m, and the other at variable distances up to 29 m away); c) use instruments with a common calibration history to minimize intercalibration uncertainties; d) monitor the calibration drift of the instruments in the field with a second generation SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM-II), to separate differences in methods from changes in instrument from the above-water and in-water measurements. In addition performance; and e) compare the Lw(_ ) values estimated to describing the instruments deployed and the data collected, a preliminary analysis of the data is presented, and the kind of follow-on work that is needed to completely assess the estimation of Lw(_ ) from above-water and in-water 14. SUBJECT TERMS SeaWiFS, Oceanography, SeaBOARR, Atlantic Meridional measurements is discussed. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Transect, AMT, 4O Cruise Report, Instrumentation, SQM-II, LoCNESS, WiSPER, miniNESS, SeaSAS, 16. PRICE CODE DalSAS, DalBOSS, THOR 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF ABSTRACT Unclassified LTL Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 298-102