Full report

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NASAfrM-2000-206892, Vol. 8 SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone, Editors Volume 8, The SeaBOARR-99 Field Campaign Stanford B. Hooker and Gordana Lazin January 2000

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NASA/TM-2000-206892, Vol. 8 SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Stanford B. Hooker, Editor NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Elaine R. Firestone, Senior Technical Editor SAIC General Sciences Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland Volume 8, The SeaBOARR-99 Field Campaign Stanford B. Hooker NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Gordana Lazin Satlantic, hw. Halifax, Canada National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 January 2000

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ISSN 1522-8789 Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information 7121 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Price Code: AI 7 National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price Code: A10

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S. Hooker and G. Lazin ABSTRACT This report documents the scientific activities during the second Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (Sea- WiFS) Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin (SeaBOARR-99) field campaign, which took place from 2 May to 7 June 1999 on board the Royal Research Ship James Clark Ross during the eighth Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise (AMT-8). The ultimate objective of the SeaBOARR activity is to evaluate the effect of different measurement protocols on bio-optical algorithms using data from a variety of field campaigns. The SeaBOARR-99 field campaign was concerned with collecting a high quality data set of simultaneous in-water and above-water radiometric measurements. The deployment goals documented in this report were to: a) use four different surface glint correction methods to compute water-leaving radiances, Lw(A), from above-water data; b) use two different in-water profiling systems and three different methods to compute Lw ()_) from in-water data; c) use instruments with a common calibration history to minimize intercalibration uncertainties; d) monitor the calibration stability of the instruments in the field with the original SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM) and a commercial, second-generation device called the SQM-II, thereby allowing a distinction between differences in methods from changes in instrument performance; and e) compare the Lw(A) values estimated from the abovewater and in-water measurements. In addition to describing the instruments deployed and the data collected, a preliminary analysis of part of the SeaBOARR-99 data set is presented (using only the data collected during clear sky, calm sea, and Case-1 waters). 1. INTRODUCTION ancillary data sets that are used in data processing (e.g., winds, ozone, and atmospheric pressure); and verifying the The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) Program exprocessing code (McClain et al. 1992). The culmination ploits the passage of the Royal Research Ship James Clark of properly executing these responsibilities is achieving a Ross (JCR) as it transits the North and South Atlantic radiometric accuracy to within 5% absolute and 1% rela- Oceans between Grimsby (UK) and Stanley (Falkland Istive, water-leaving radiances to within 5% absolute, and lands) with a port call in Montevideo (Uruguay). In Sepchlorophyll a concentration to within 35% over a range of tember, the JCR sails from the UK, and the following April 0.05-50.0 mgm -3 (Hooker et ai. 1992). it makes the return trip. The AMT Program collects scientific data from approximately 50°N to 50°S with a primary McClain 2000) have provided an immediate and quantiobjective to investigate physical and biological processes, tative demonstration of the strengths of the SeaWiFS calas well as to measure the meso- to basin-scale bio-optical ibration and validation plan: properties of the Atlantic Ocean. The vicarious calibration and algorithm validation of remotely sensed observations of ocean color is an inherent objective of these studies: first, by relating in situ measurements of water-leaving radiance to satellite measurements, and second, by measuring the bio-optically active constituents of the water (Aiken et al. 1998). The objectives of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Project are to obtain valid ocean color data of the world ocean for a five-year period, to process the data in conjunction with ancillary data to meaningful The initial SeaWiFS validation results (Hooker and 1. The SeaWiFS instrument has been stable over the first two years of operation with the gradual changes in some wavelengths being accurately quantified using the solar and lunar calibration data; 2. The vicarious calibration approach using in-water data results in consistent global Lw values; and 3. The remote sensing products meet the aforementioned accuracy goals over a limited, but diverse, set of open ocean validation sites. biological parameters, and to make the data readily avail- Although the emphasis on in-water validation data has able to researchers (Hooker and Esaias 1993). The success been largely successful, there are disadvantages in the apof the SeaWiFS mission will be determined by the qual- proach which are not present in above-water methods, but ity of the ocean color data set and its availability. The they in turn pose new problems that are not present in Calibration and Validation Element (CVE) is responsible the in-water techniques. The CVE has been incrementally for the former which involves characterizing and calibrat- engaging in above-water measurements with the objective ing the SeaWiFS system; supporting the development and of extracting the largest amount of validation data from validation of algorithms for bio-optical properties and at- both types of measurements. mospheric correction; analyzing trends and anomalies in From 2 May to 7 June 1999, scientists and technicians the derived products and sensor performance; selecting from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign andSat- sky, and Case-1 or Case-2 water: Austin (1974); Morel (NASA)GoddardSpaceFlight Center(GSFC) on the JCRafter (1980); Carder and Steward (1985); Bukata et al. (1988); lantic,Inc. (Halifax,Canada)deployed ThepurposeMueller and Austin (1995), the so-called SeaWiFS Ocean it stoppedin Montevideofor a crewchange. radio- Optics Protocols (SOOP); Lee et al. (1996); and Lazin ofthedeploymentwasto makein- andabove-water metricmeasurementsin supportof twoactivities: a) Continueanongoingtimeseriesofbio-opticalmeasurementsthat areusedby the SeaWiFSProject andAMT Programfor algorithmvalidationand bio-opticalresearch;and b) Collecta highqualitydatasetof simultaneousinandabove-waterradiometricmeasurementsalong with a suiteof bio-opticalparametersforintercomparingbothtechniques. (1998). Hereafter, Morel (1980), Carder and Steward (1985) and as further explained in Lee et al. (1996), the Mueller and Austin (1995) SOOP, and Lazin (1998) are referred to as M80, C85, $95, and L98, respectively. The in-water analysis techniques currently in use are based primarily on the Smith and Baker (1984) method, hereafter referred to as $84. Variations are derived from what measurement procedures (and platforms) are used to acquire the data, and how the in-water data is propagated to the surface. Two alternative techniques were imple- Thedeploymentwasa continuationof the first SeaWiFSmented in the ProSofti software which is freely available Bio-OpticalAlgorithmRound-Robin(SeaBOARR-98)exfor processing bio-optical data collected with Satlantic, perimentwhichtook placefrom5-17July 1998(HookerInc.$ (Halifax, Canada) instruments. The two alternaet al. 1999),andwascalledSeaBOARR-99.Theultimate tive ProSoft methods rely on a surface buoy to measure objectiveis to evaluatetheeffectofthedifferentmeasure-the in-water radiance field close to the sea surface and are mentprotocolsonbio-opticalalgorithmsfroma varietyof fieldcampaigns.This reportdetailsthesecondfieldcampaignin that long-termcommitment. Spectralwater-leavingradiance,Lw(A), is the central physical quantity for bio-optical studies in the upper ocean. mea- 1. Use two above-water measurement systems and four Whether determined from below- or above-surface surements, Lw(A) must be accurately measured. The Sea- WiFS Project goal of Lw(A) uncertainties of 5% or less is thought to be routinely achievable for in-water measurecategorized according to when the options were added to ProSoft, which occurred in 1994 and 1997, so the two are referred to hereafter as P94 and P97, respectively. The SeaBOARR-99 goals documented here were to: surface glint correction methods (M80, C85, $95, and L98) to compute Lw() from above-water data; 2. Use two in-water profiling systems and three inments in Case-1 waters (Hooker and Maritorena 2000), but water analysis methods ($84, P94, and P97) to comthe uncertainty associated with above-water measurements pute Lw(£) from in-water data; has not been well quantified. The main difficulty with 3. Use radiometers with a common calibration history above-water methods is associated with correcting the observations for the effect of surface waves which introduce significant fluctuations into the glint and reflected skylight components of the surface radiance field. The problem in- itor (SQM) plus a second-generation version called made more difficult by the presence of clouds which crease the fluctuations and associated uncertainties. Although the SeaBOARR-98 data set provided a rigorous intercomparison of in- and above-water techniques, the field campaign took place at a tower in the northern to minimize intercalibration uncertainties; 4. Monitor the calibration stability of the instruments in the field with the original SeaWiFS Quality Monis the SQM-II to separate differences in methodologies from changes in instrument performance; 5. Collect data on station with both types of systems and collect underway data with the above-water Adriatic Sea, so the majority of the data was in Case-2 wa- systems; and ter (Hooker et al. 1999). The tower deployment was also of 6. Compare the results to the Lw (A) values estimated limited duration, approximately 10 days in the field with from the above-water and in-water measurements. 3 days of useful data, so an extensive set of observations was not possible. The SeaBOARR-99 field campaign was designed to overcome both of these shortcomings. By using the AMT transect, an extensive opportunity for data collection was ensured, the majority of which would be Case-1 water. Using a ship also allowed for the possibility of collecting data while the vessel was underway, which represents an important possible advantage for above-water measurements over the current in-water techniques which require the vessel to stop. With the exception of the underway sampling (which is not possible on a tower), these objectives were essentially in t ProSoft is a bio-optical data analysis and visualization program from the Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie University (Halifax, Canada); it is written using MatLab TM software from Mathworks, Inc. (Natick, Massachusetts), and is available at ftp. satlantic, com/pub/optics/dalhousie. : Identification of commercial equipment to adequately specify or document the experimental problem does not imply At present, there are several methods for surface glint recommendation or endorsement, nor does it imply that the correction that were developed for different conditions in equipment identified is necessarily the best available for the which remote measurements are made, i.e., clear or cloudy purpose.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin thesameastheonesforSeaBOARR-98,althoughthemix- outer dimensions, which meant neither SQM had to be ture of equipmentinvolvedwassomewhatdifferent.The repeatedly reconfigured. primarydifferenceswerethe additionofinstrumentswith LoCNESS, SeaSAS, SUnSAS, and SeaSHADE all use betterspectralresolution,anda slightlydifferentdiversity 7-chanriel ocean color radiance series 200 (OCR-200) senof measurementwavelengths. sors, as well as 7-channel ocean color irradiance series 200 (OCI-200) sensors. Both radiometers use 16-bit analog- 2. INSTRUMENTATION to-digital (A/D) convertors and are capable of detecting light over a four-decade range. SeaFALLS, SeaBOSS, and Although the primary reason for selecting the JCR DalBOSS are equipped with both 13-channel OCI and for SeaBOARR-99 was the ongoing use of the ship by a OCR series 1000 radiometers (OCI-1000 and OCR-1000, rigorous group of optical oceanographers, the other rea- respectively), which employ 24-bit A/D convertors and sons were its ability to accommodate a wide variety of gain switching and are usually capable of detecting light instruments [see Robins et al. (1996) for a summary of over a seven-decade range [the gain switching option was the vessel's capabilities], its stability (very good optical disabled in preparation for SeaBOARR-99, because recent measurements have always been possible on the JCR), analyses (Hooker and Maritorena 2000) have shown these and the AMT transect is predominately in Case-1 water. systems are not performing at the level expected and the The latter was deemed particularly important, because the gain switching circuit is considered the most likely expla- SeaBOARR-98 field campaign was executed at a coastal nation for performance degradation]. site dominated by Case-2 water, and most of the tech- To facilitate tracking of the radiometric instruments niques to be evaluated were developed primarily for Case-1 during the SQM and SQM-II sessions, each radiometer was sampling. assigned a three-character code constructed from a letter For SeaBOARR-99, the total number of optical systems identifying the type of measurement and a two-digit sedeployed on the JCR was as follows: rial number. A summary of the instruments, along with their primary physical measurements (in terms of vertical a) The Low-Cost NASA Environmental Sampling Syssampling), their spectral resolution (7 or 13 channels), and tem (LoCNESS) with the Three-Headed Optical Retheir sensor codes are given in Table 1. corder (THOR) option and a surface reference, b) The SeaWiFS Free-Falling Advanced Light Level Sensors (SeaFALLS) with the SeaWiFS Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor (SeaBOSS) as a reference, c) The SeaWiFS Surface Acquisition System (SeaSAS), d) The SeaWiFS Underway Surface Acquisition System (SUnSAS), e) The SeaWiFS Shadow Band (SeaSHADE) radiometer system, f) The Dalhousie University Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor (DalBOSS), and g) An SQM and an SQM-II, which were set up in the Underway Instrumentation and Control (UIC) room. Detailed descriptions of each measurement system are presented in Sects. 2.1-2.7, respectively, so only a brief description is given here. LoCNESS and SeaFALLS made in-water measurements, SeaSAS and SUnSAS made abovewater measurements, and DalBOSS made both types of measurements. SeaSHADE provided reference measurements for the SeaSAS and SUnSAS platforms. The SQM-II and all of the radiometers used with the optical measurement systems, were manufactured by Satlantic, Inc. This commonality in equipment was not accidental; the SeaBOARR science team decided this was the easiest way to ensure redundacy and intercalibration. Another reason for relying on one manufacturer was it Table 1. A summary of the radiometers used during SeaBOARR-99 along with their primary physical measurement (in terms of their vertical sampling), their spectral resolution ()7 means 7 channels and A13 means 13 channels), and their sensor codes. System Sensor Measure Code SeaSAS OCR-200 L,(0 +, )7) T69 OCR-200 LT(O +, )`7) T75 DIR-10 v_,¢ D01 SUnSAS OCR-200 L_(0 +, AT) T68 OCR-200 LT(O +,A7) T28 OCR-200 Lp(0+,AT) T28 SeaSHADE OCI-200 Ed(O+,AT) M35 OCI-200 E,(0÷,AT) M95 LoCNESS OCR-200 L,,(z, AT) R36 OCI-200 Ed( z, ),7) I50 OCI-200 E,,(z, ),7) I48 OCI-200 Ed(0+, ),7) M30 SeaFALLS OCR-200 L_(z, ),13) Q16 OCI-200 Ed(z, ),,3) H23 SeaBOSS OCI-200 Ed(O + , ),13) N46 DaIBOSS OCR-1000 Lu(zo, ),13) Q33 OCI-1000 Ed(0 +, ),13) N48 A benefit of assembling (nearly) identical equipment greatly simplified calibration monitoring with the SQM from the participating investigators was the wavelengths and SQM-II, because all the radiometers had identical and bandwidths (10 nm) for the different instruments were

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Table2. Channelnumbersandcenterwavelengths(innanometers)forthe7-channelradiometersusedwiththe SeaBOARR-99radiometricsamplingsystems.Thesensorsystemsaregivenwith theirindividualsensorcodes, whichareformedfroma one-letterdesignatorforthetypeof sensor,plusa two-digitserialnumber(S/N).The M35 and M95 radiometers are the SeaSHADE irradiance sensors. All of the channels have t0 nm bandwidths. Channel LoCNESS SeaSAS S UnSAS References Number R36 I48 I50 T69 1 411.6 411.4 411.3 412.6 2 442.7 442.7 442.5 442.4 3 489.9. 490.0 489.3 491.3 4 510.3 509.3 509.1 510.3 5 554.2 554.3 554.8 554.1 6 665.3 665.9 666.0 781.5 7 683.8 682.4 682.9 866.5 very similar. A summary of the 7- and 13-channel radiome- T75 T28 T68 M30 M35 M95 412.3 412.7 412.3 411.9 412.2 412.3 443.1 443.1 442.8 443.0 443.0 442.3 489.9 489.5 490.1 489.9 489.6 489.5 510.1 510.1 510.3 511.0 511.0 510.6 555.0 554.8 555.7 555.5 554.2 554.4 780.6 780.6 780.1 665.2 780.6 781.0 865.1 865.4 864.3 683.7 865.1 865.3 sensors quantify the vertical orientation () of the profiler ter wavelengths and their sensor codes is given in Tables 2 as it falls through the water column. The free-fall aspects and 3, respectively. This made it much easier to make substitutions in the event of failures. For example, early of the LoCNESS design are derived from the SeaFALLS profiler which is based on a Satlantic SeaWiFS Profiling in the cruise, the SeaSHADE references malfunctioned, so Multichannel Radiometer (SPMR). the LoCNESS reference was routed to the SeaSAS and SUnSAS systems with only a partial loss in data collection (the diffuse irradiance data was lost). Table 3. Channel numbers and center wavelengths (in nanometers) for the 13-channel radiometers used with the SeaBOARR-99 radiometric sampling systems. The sensor systems are given with their individual sensor codes. All of the channels have 10 nm bandwidths. The N46 radiometer is the SeaBOSS sensor, and the Q33 and N48 radiometers are the Da!BOSS sensors. Channel SeaFALLS References Number Q16 H23 N46 Q33 N48 1 565.0 564.3 565.0 406.5 405.1 2 411.8 411.1 411.7 412.2 412.4 3 665.8 665.9 665.9 435.3 435.6 4 443.0 442.9 443.2 443.4 442.9 5 470.3 470.4 469.9 455.9 456.1 6 489.3 489.2 489.9 489.9 489.3 7 510.4 511.0 510.3 510.4 510.4 8 531.9 531.5 531.7 531.6 531.5 9 554.8 555.3 554.4 554.6 554.5 10 590.3 590.2 590.3 590.3 590.4 11 519.8 519.0 520.1 665.1 664.8 12 683.1 683.6 683.4 670.0 670.0 13 434.0 434.5 434.7 700.6 700.6 ra- aperture that can be blocked with a calibrated gray or The LoCNESS profiler measures spectral upwelled diance and irradiance plus downwelled irradiance as a function of depth, L(z,A), E_(z,A), and Ed(z,A), respectively. A separate reference sensor measures the total solar irradiance (the direct plus the indirect, or diffuse, components) just above the sea surface, Ed(0 +, A). Internal tilt 4 In the SeaFALLS design, 13-channel OCR-1000 and OCI-1000 sensors are connected in line with power and telemetry modules (24-bit A/D convertors for the light sensors) to form a 1.24 m long cylinder. The OCR-1000 is oriented as the nose to measure Lu(z, i),and the OCI-1000 as the taiI to measure Ed(z, A). The addition of weight to the nose and buoyant (foam) fins to a tail bracket produces a rocket-shaped package that falls through the water column with minimum tilts (originally less than 5 °, but the use of larger fins and additional weight improved the stability to less than 2°). The power and telemetery cable extends through the field of view of the irradiance sensor, but the small diameter of the cable (7 mm) minimizes any negative effects on the measured light field. The addition of a conductivity and temperature (CT) probe, plus a miniature fluorometer (with a counterbalancing dummy on the opposite side of the profiler), provides a good description of basic water column properties. The SeaSAS instruments measure the spectral indirect (or sky) radiance reaching the sea surface, L,(0 +, A), and the (total) radiance right above the sea surface, LT(O +, )). The latter is composed of three terms: the radiance leaving the sea surface from below (the so-called water-leaving radiance), the direct sunlight reflecting off the surface (the so-called sun glint), and the indirect skylight reflecting off the surface (the so-called sky glint). SUnSAS makes the same measurements as SeaSAS, L,(0+,A) and LT(O+,)), but the surface-viewing radiometer looks through a square white plaque, so it can also measure the radiance of the plaque, Lp(0+,A). SeaSHADE iscomposed of two separate sensors.One isused to measure the totalor global solarirradiancejust above the sea surface,Ed(O +,A),and the other isequipped

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S. Hooker and G. Lazin Key: • Sun •e, Water Molecule _ _ Fixed ences Foam DalBOSS (0+ or 0-m, 30 rn Astern) , • I 4taiiso;mult_i - pie interactions. Particulate Downwelled incident light. Upwelled Phytoplankton incident light. }r- SUnSAS RRS JCR SeaFALLS LoCNESS (200 m Deep, (200 m Deep, 30 m Astern) 30 rn Astern) Fig. 1. The JCR showing the deployment locations of the instruments used during SeaBOARR-99 (circles with numbers): 1) DalBOSS, which was deployed as a drifting buoy within a stabilization frame; 2) SeaSAS, which was deployed on the starboard trawl post; 3) SeaSAHADE, SeaBOSS, and the LoCNESS reference, which were deployed on masts mounted to both trawl posts; 4) SeaFALLS; and 5) LoCNESS, which were deployed as free-falling profilers from the stern; and 6) SUnSAS, which was mounted on the bow rail. with a motorized shadow band that periodically occults the irradiance sensors so the indirect (or diffuse) solar irradiance, E_(0 +, A), can be measured. SeaSHADE provided all of the reference data for both SeaSAS and SUnSAS during SeaBOARR-99. The other major difference between the two systems is in the design of their frames: the SUnSAS frame is compact with several limitations in its sampling orientations, whereas the SeaSAS frame is large with very few restrictions in its viewing or pointing aspects. The basic data sampling activity involved collecting data from all of the instruments as simultaneously as possible, so hand-held radios were used to coordinate the beginning and ending of sampling intervals. The sea and sky states were recorded with a charge-coupled device (CCD) digital camera. Although it would have been preferable to have all of the instruments sampling the smallest patch of water possible, space limitations and illumination constraints on the ship did not permit this; there was also a desire to collect underway data, so the SUnSAS system was mounted on the bow to prevent contamination of the data by the vessel's wake (Fig. 1). Besides the above-water and in-water optical measure-

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign to helpchar- Note that ¢ is measured with respect to an arbitrary refments,a varietyofotherdatawerecollected acterizetheopticalpropertiesof theJCRtransect: erence, in this case due north, and 0 is measured with (T) andsalinity(S)bothver- respect to nadir (the direction pointing straight down to 1. Seawatertemperature ticallyandalongtrack; 2. Pigmentanalysesusingthehighperformanceliquid chromatography(HPLC)technique; the sea surface). The angle Or corresponds to the angle 0 measured with respect to the zenith (the direction pointing straight up from the sea surface). 3. Seawaterfluorescenceandbeamtransmissionboth 2.1 SeaFALLS and SeaBOSS verticallyandalongtrack; 4. Meteorologicalobservationsincludingcloudcover, pluswindspeedanddirection;and 5. Waveheightandswelldirection. The big advantage of the SeaFALLS system, in terms of sampling strategies, is it can be deployed quickly by only two people, so the ship can be stopped when light conditions are optimal. SeaFALLS is deployed from the In additionto payingcloseattentionto the optimal stern of the vessel, and whenever possible, the ship mainviewingcapabilitiesof eachinstrumentsystem,somein- tains a headway speed of approximately 0.5 kts. The prostrumentswereequippedwith sensorsthatmeasuredtheir filing instrument is carefully lowered into the water and viewingangles.SeaSAS,for example,hadan external slowly released at the surface until it has drifted clear of modulethatmeasuredthevertical(two-axis)tilts andhor- any possible shadowing effect. When the profiler reaches izontal(compass)pointingoftheradiometers(theso-calledthe desired distance from the stern (usually 30-50 m), it DIR-10unit). A secondDIR-10wasnot availablefor is ready for deployment and can be dropped or released. SUnSAS(althoughthe framewasbuilt to accommodateOnce released, the rocket-shaped profiler quickly orients one),sothe outputof the SeaSASDIRol0wasroutedto itself vertically and starts to descend (the first few meters theSUnSASacquisitioncomputer.LoCNESS,SeaFALLS,of data usually have large tilts and are ignored). The ca- SeaBOSS,andDalBOSSwereall equippedwith internal ble is almost neutrally buoyant and has a low coefficient of sensorsthat measuredthe vertical(two-axis)tilts of the drag, so the profiler falls freely through the water column radiometers.A generalizedcoordinatesystemfor these and measures Ed(z, ),), L_,(z, A), fluorescence, plus T-S on pointingsystemsis givenin Fig.2 (thisis the samecoor- the way down. The desired depth is usually the 1% light dinatesystemusedduringSeaBOARR-98). a Top View b I Side View y (North) ,@ ÷ adiomefer 7_ _÷ = _+ (Nadir) where E where 8" = _ - Fig. 2. The coordinate s"rstems used for instrument pointing: a) looking down from above (the z-axis is out of the page), and b) looking from the side (the y-axis is out of the page). The ¢ coordinate is the solar azimuth angle, 8 is the solar zenith angle, and 0 is the radiometer pointing angle with respect to the vertical axis, z. The perturbations (or tilts) in vertical alignment, which can change the pointing angles, are given by _o. level, but deeper casts to completely sample some other aspect of the upper water column are frequently made. A schematic of what SeaFALLS measures is given in Fig. 3. ÷ / _ /"4"--...Buoyant CT Probe _ WeightFins Lu(z,;t,) ® SeaFALLS Fig. 3. A schematic of the SeaFALLS profiler. The most important aspect for collecting good data with SeaFALLS is to prevent the telemetry cable from ever coming under tension, because even brief periods of tension on the cable can adversely affect the vertical orientation (tilt) and velocity of the profiler. To ensure this does

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S.HookerandC. Lazin not occur, the operator always leaves a few coils of cable at the surface. A tangle-free and continuous feed of cable into the water is also needed, so all of the cable (approximately 300 m) is laid out or flaked on deck prior to each deployment in such a manner as to minimize any entanglements. The profiler descends at approximately 1 m s-1 so a relatively deep cast can be acquired very quickly (less than 3 min for a 150 m cast) In the original design concept (Waters et al. 1990), SeaFALLS was deployed with the SeaWiFS Square Underwater Reference Frame (SeaSURF). SeaSURF is based on a Satlantic Sea_,ViFS Multichannel Surface Reference (SMSR) and measured the incident solar irradiance at a fixed depth just below the sea surface, Ed(zo, A), and is floated away from the boat using a buoyant frame. A comprehensive analysis by Hooker and Maritorena (2000) showed this practice was inferior to measuring the incident solar irradiance on a mast mounted on the boat (at least on the JCR), so this technique has been abandoned. The SeaFALLS reference data comes from SeaBOSS which measures Ea(O ÷, A) and can be deployed as a drifting buoy or on a mast. The Hooker and Maritorena (2000) study showed the latter produced the best data, so SeaBOSS was deployed on a mast during SeaBOARR-99. The RS-485 signals from SeaFALLS and SeaBOSS were combined in a Satlantic deck box and converted to RS-232 communications for computer logging. The deck box also provided the (computer-controlled) power for all the sensors and was designed to avoid instrument damage due to improper power-up sequences over varying cable lengths. The RS-232 data were logged on a Macintosh PowerBook computer using software developed at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) and the SeaWiFS Project. The software time stamps the two data streams (inwater and above-water measurements) and writes them to disk simultaneously. The data is stored as American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), tabdelimited (spreadsheet) files. The software controls the logging and display of the data streams as a function of the data collection activity being undertaken: dark data (caps on the radiometers), down cast, SQM calibration monitoring, etc. The selection of the execution mode automatically sets the file name, so all the operator has to do is push buttons to initiate and terminate data aquisition. All of the telemetry channels can be displayed in real time, and the operator can select from a variety of plotting options to visualize the data being collected. 2.2 LoCNESS The first LoCNESS profiler was built from the modular, low-cost components used with the original SeaWiFS Optical Profiling System (SeaOPS) on AMT cruises (Robins et al. 1996): a DATA-100 (with 16-bit A/D convertors) for power and telemetry, and 7-channel OCR-200 and OCI-200 sensors. In the LoCNESS configuration, the DATA-100 and the two light sensors are connected in line using extension brackets, with the OCR-200 at the nose, and the OCI-200 at the tail (like SeaFALLS). The design proved so successful, an entirely separate profiler was built from new components. The LoCNESS profiler can also be built with the THOR option, which was the configuration used for SeaBOARR-99 and several other AMT cruises (Aiken et al. 1998). In the THOR configuration, an adapter plate is used on the nose to permit the mounting of the usual Lu(z,A) sensor plus an additional E_(z,A) sensor. The THOR profiler is longer than the two-headed version, because the DATA-100 includes another A/D module. The two nose sensors do not disturb the stability of the profiler during descent. In fact, THOR has the smallest and most stable tilts of all the profilers, because of its length (1.78 m) and the large surface area of the fins. This stability, and the fact that three components of the light field are measured during each profile, makes it one of the most versatile profilers in use today. An in-air irradiance sensor (M30) measured the incident solar irradiance just above the sea surface, Ed(O ÷, A). The irradiance sensor was packaged with a DATA-100 module that converted the analog output of the OCI-200 radiometer to RS-485 serial communications. The sensor package was mounted on a mast on the port trawl post. The height and location of the mast ensured none of the ship's superstructure shadowed the sensor under almost all illumination conditions. A summary of the data collected with the LoCNESS profiler and its reference is presented in Appendix B; a schematic of the instruments used with the profiler is given in Fig. 4, and a comparison of the SeaFALLS and LoCNESS is shown in Fig. 5. ® ota.r .nd.eoO Ed( z,;,P) () Downwelled Irradiance () Upwelled Radiance FI.o Upwelled Irradiance Buoyant1. Fins I-- CT Probe DATA- 100 Weight LoCNESS Fig. 4. A schematic of the LoCNESS profiler. 7

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Fig. 5. A side-by-sidecomparisonof the free-fallingprofilersdiscussedin this report: THOR(front)and SeaFALLS(back).THORis 1.78mlongandSeaFALLSis 1.24m long. The numbered bullets on the sensors correspond to the same bullets in Figs. 3 and 4. The power-telemetry and data acquisition for LoCNESS and its reference was very similar to that used for Sea- FALLS and SeaBOSS. 2.3 SeaSAS SeaSAS was equipped with four radiometers. One radiance sensor (T68) measured the indirect (or sky) radiance, Li(0+); a second radiance sensor (T28) measured the total radiance right above the sea surface, LT(O+); and the two in-air irradiance sensors from SeaSHADE measured the total solar irradiance just above the sea surface (M35), Ed(0 +, A), plus the indirect (or diffuse) irradiance just above the sea surface (M95), Ei(0 +, ). In addition to the radiometers, SeaSAS was equipped with a DIR-10 which measured the pointing geometry and stability (vertically and horizontally) of the SeaSAS frame. The SeaSAS frame is a unique device consisting of a pedastal and two rails with sensor mounting plates connected to a gear box which is free to rotate in the horizontal (azimuthal) plane. The gear box allows the two rails to move in a scissor-like fashion (i.e., when one is moved up a certain amount, the other moves down by the same amount); thus, if one rail is positioned 40 ° up from the vertical, the other rail will be 40 ° down from the vertical. A DATA-100 was mounted on the rail pointed skyward, so it could digitize the L,(0 ÷) and the DIR-10 signals. The other rail was pointed seaward and contained the LT(O ÷) sensor fitted to a second DATA-100 in an integral package. One of the design objectives of the SeaSAS frame was to make the sea and sky radiance measurements with oniy one radiometer. Although this has the disadvantage of increasing the amount of time to make a complete set of measurements, it has the advantage of eliminating any interneeded to make the measurements. The SeaSAS frame can be readily moved in between the two viewing orientations, so the only other requirement is to have execution modes in the software that distinguish between these data collection scenarios. A generalized schematic of what SeaSAS measured is presented in Fig. 6. 0 () Indirect/,.,(Sky) Radiance , ( [nrf; :tnce"e(D"'"use) Total (Above Surface) Radiance () Angular Position and Tilts SeaSAS Fig. 6. A schematic of the SeaSAS instruments. As with the in-water profilers, the SeaSAS light sensors sent their data to DATA-100 units which sent the digitized data back to the deck box that was providing power for the equipment. The RS-485 signals from the two DATA-100 units were combined in the deck box and converted to RS-232 communications for computer logcalibration differences between the sensors. It also means a ging. The RS-232 data were logged on a Macintosh Poweris Book computer using a variant of the software developed smaller (and, therefore, less costly) amount of equipment 8

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S.HookerandG. Lazin for the profiling instruments. The software time stamped 2.4 SUnSAS the two data streams (in-water and above-water measurements) and wrote them to disk simultaneously. The data it is more compact and can be used with a reflectance stanwas stored as ASCII, tab-delimited (spreadsheet) files. dard. For SeaBOARR-99, the light sensors were mounted The software controls the logging and display of the on movable plates which were mechanically secured at the data as a function of the acquisition activity: dark data desired viewing angle (using aluminum wedges cut at the (caps on the radiometers), sea and sky viewing, sea-only appropriate angle). The largest mounting plate was deviewing, sky-only viewing, SQM calibration monitoring, signed to accommodate the light sensor that measured the etc. As with the LoCNESS software, the selection of the total radiance just above the sea surface (T75). A square execution mode automatically sets the file name, so all the aperture was situated in the field of view of this sensor, operator has to do is push buttons to initiate and terminate so a plaque (usually gray, but sometimes white during data aquisition. This makes it very easy for one operator diffuse illumination conditions) could be inserted before to control the acquisition of several data streams. All of (or after) each surface-viewing sequence. This permitted the telemetry channels are displayed in real time, and the the sequential measurement of LT(A) and Lp(A) with the operator can select from a variety of plotting options to visame radiometer. The L,(A) sensor (T69) was fitted to a sualize the data being collected. The user can also choose smaller plate that was always pointed skyward. The two to collect data over a 3 min interval (3 min at 6 Hz pro- SeaSHADE in-air irradiance sensors M35 and M95 produces 1,080 data samples, which is a sufficient amount for vided Ed(O +, ) and Ei(0 +, ) data, respectively. standard time series spectral analysis). This feature was used repeatedly during SeaBOARR-98 to synchronize the shown in Fig. 8. The two SeaSHADE irradiance sensors different acquisition systems. were mounted on the top of the starboard, stern trawl post. For SeaBOARR-99, the SeaSAS system was deployed A side view of SUnSAS deployed on the bow of the JCR is on the starboard trawl post as shown in Fig. 7. A summary shown in Fig. 9. The latter shows the plaque frame with of the data collected with the SeaSAS instruments is given the square aperture centered in the field of view of the LT in Appendix C. sensor (the plaque is not shown). A summary of the data collected with SUnSAS is presented in Appendix F. Fig. 7. The SeaSAS frame with the rails oriented at The SUnSAS system is similar in design to SeaSAS, but A generalized schematic of what SUnSAS measured is Total (Above Sur- ' ÷ " "'0" / ( face) or (Gray) Ed(O ' ) 2 t_,o/ Plaque Radiance () Heading and Tilts I /". , ,.()(fromSeaSAS) nit" ")l [/':/" - ' :- Indirect (Diffuse) L/Tr IrradianceLQO)!,0)__" o N_Lp((,O) Theplaqueis N, moved in and // out of the field " "of view. I I SUnSAS Fig. 8. A schematic of the SUnSAS system. The gray plaque used in this campaign was a 25 cm approximately 40 ° with respect to nadir and zenith (10in) gray Spectralon TM plaque from Labsphere, Inc. (_ _ 40°). The numbered bullets correspond to (North Sutton, New Hampshire), with a nominal 10% rethe sensors in Fig. 6. When not in use, the two flectance (SRT-10-100). This reflectance value permits rails can be locked together in the 0 = 90 ° position radiometers with typical above-water saturation values to which prevents large accelerations during adverse make this measurement without saturating (approximately environmental conditions. 6#Wcm -2 nm -1 st-l). Unlike the 99% reflectance of pure 9

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Fig. 9. TheSUnSASframeonthebowoftheJCR.Thenumberedbulletsonor nearthesensorscorrespond to thesamebulletsin Fig.8. Thelongwhitecylinder is the DATA-100 which is integral with the L7 (and Lp) sensor. The Li sensor is attached to a movable plate that can be secured at the desired viewing angle. A similar mechanical system is used with the DATA-100. (white) Spectralon plaques (SRT-99-100), which are usu- the use of the plaque for any validation work. A direcally used for radiometric calibration, gray plaques are much tional/directional (i.e., 0°/45 °) plaque calibration, instead less lambertian, because of the added impurities of the of the standard directional/hemispherical calibration was black doping material. Variations in viewing and illumi- used for this campaign, because this was closer to the acnation geometries, as are naturally found in the field, are tual field geometry (25-45 ° illumination/50 ° viewing). likely to add significant variance in this measurement. Acsorbs grease and oil which are very difficult to remove and cording to the Labsphere product catalog, for example, a can cause significant variance in calibrations. Special pre- 20% plaque will have a 2% higher reflectance at 45 ° (comcautions must be taken to avoid touching the diffusive mapared to 8 ° ) and +5% at 61 ° for A = 600nm (for a 99% terial and to avoid long exposure to marine aerosols. Durplaque these values are -0.6% at 45 ° , and -0.5% at 61°). ing this campaign, the plaques were kept in a padded, air- The use of a 99% plaque and sky-viewing radiometers tight enclosure when not in use and only exposed during (the latter have typical saturation values of approximately the measurement sequences. Both plaques always wrapped 60tzWcm -2 nm -1 sr -1) would reduce the uncertainty in in acid-free paper during transport and storage before and Although Spectralon is very hydrophobic, it readily abmeasurements, because of the significant non-lambertian after each measurement session. reflectivity of gray plaques. This idea was not tested dur- Like SeaSAS, the radiometers used with SUnSAS were ing SeaBOARR-99; instead, both a gray and white plaque connected in a modular fashion. The two radiance sensors were used during diffuse illumination conditions, so a com- were connected to the same DATA-100. The T75 sensor parison between the two could be made. was integral to the DATA-100, and the T69 sensor was ca- The homogeneity of a plaque should be checked at a bled into an extra port. With this arrangement, the two minimum of four spots on the plaque surface, and varia- sensors took and reported data (via RS-485 serial comtions greater than 2% between the spots should eliminate munications) simultaneously. The irradiance sensors were 10

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S.HookerandG. Lazin Fig. 10. SeaSHADEdeployedduringSeaBOARR-99.The numberedbulletsonthe sensorscorrespondto the samebulletsin Figs.6 and8. was The shadow band module consists of a control box and alsoconnectedto oneDATA-100.The M35sensor wasca- mounting bracket that accepts OCI-200 or OCI-1000 irintegralto the DATA-100,andthe M95sensor allowed radiance sensors. The selected sensor is fitted into the bledintoanextraport. Again,this arrangement serial bracket and a quick-release mounting clamp secures the the twosensorsto takeandreportdata(viaRS-485 communications)simultaneously. 2.5 SeaSHADE sensor in the proper orientation. The control box has connections for power-telemetry plus a separate RS-232 connector for communicating with the microcontroller controlling the motion of the occulting arm. For SeaBOARR-99, TheSeaSHADEsystemdeployedduringSeaBOARR-99the MVD-013 unit containing M35 was modified to supply consistedoftwoirradiancesensors:M35measuredtheto- power for the control box and the M95 sensor, digitize the tal (directplusindirectordiffuse)irradianceatthesurface,signals from both units, and to send the data back to the Ed(O ÷, A), and M95 measured primarily the diffuse component, E,(0 ÷, )_), but the mechanism used for occulting the sensor resulted in both types of measurements being made at different times during a measurement interval. The diffuse measurement was made possible by moving a hemispherical arm through 180 ° over the top of the irradiance sensor. The width of tile arm and the speed of the motion was chosen to ensure each sensor is occulted for approximately 2 s. Since the Satlantic instruments sample at 6 Hz, this means there were 12 occulted samples from each channel during one complete transect of the arm from +90 ° to -90 ° with respect to zenith. When the arm was at one terminus or the other, no channels were occulted and the arm did ,lot protrude above the surface of the irradiance sensor, so the total irradiance was measured. The SeaSHADE instrument was delivered only a few days before the start of the field campaign, so the M35 instrument was deployed as a redundant sensor to ensure irradiance data could be collected in the event of a malfunction in the occulting mechanism mounted on M95. deck box use RS-485 communications. This arrangement guaranteed that when both sensors were measuring the total irradiance, the data was digitized at the same time. The controller operates the motor driver circuitry maintaining the speed and position of the occulting arm. The controller also allows for determining the value of the analog voltage output. The motor driver operates as a chopperstabilized amplifier with full-, half-, and micro-step capabilities. For the SeaSHADE implementation, the arm was operated in micro-step mode only, in order to minimize arm oscillations and the amount of power used. An optical encoder is mounted on the motor shaft and was intended to allow the controller to detect stalls and to allow the arm to be moved to a home position by locking against a hard stop. Unfortunately, the programming for these applications was not fully developed in time for SeaBOARR-99. The speed of the arm is adjustable, but the selection set before the field campaign was completely satisfactory, so this was not changed. A picture of the SeaSHADE system is shown in Fig. 10. 11

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Fig. 11. DalBOSSdeployedduringSeaBOARR-99.Thenumberedbulletonthe sensorcorrespondsto the samebulletsin Fig.12.Notethesplashplateright abovetheflotationcollar. 2.6 DalBOSS DalBOSS is a variant of the SeaBOSS design: an in-air OCI-1000 sensor (N48) measures Ed(0 +, A), but an additional OCR-1000 sensor (Q33) is fitted to the bottom of the sensor package. This downward-looking sensor measures the upwelled radiance right below the sea surface, L_(z0, £). For SeaBOSS and DalBOSS, the sensor package is fitted inside a removable buoyant collar, so it can be deployed on a mast or as a tethered buoy. When deployed as the latter, the irradiance sensor protrudes a small distance above the flotation collar, so one of the difficulties is keeping the irradiance sensor dry during each deployment session. During the AMT-5 cruise, several experiments were conducted with SeaBOSS to determine how best to cheaply and effectively float an in-air sensor away from a ship while keeping it dry and minimizing tilts while it was deployed. Experiments were also conducted with SeaSURF, which is composed of an in-water irradiance sensor, Ed(zo, )), suspended below a tethered, square floating frame. Rigging SeaSURF with elastic stabilizing chords greatly minimized the tilts associated with the ambient wave field, so it was decided to combine the two flotation systems with SeaBOSS. After several trials, an acceptable arrangement was engineered wherein two sets of elastic stabilizing cords fitted between the frame and the body of the irradiance housing: one at the top of the flotation collar and one at the bottom of the sensor cylinder. The elastic cords significantly dampened the wave motion and kept the sensor package more oriented towards the vertical. It was also noted that the flotation collar can be moved down 12 the cylinder (toward the base) to expose a retaining plate that normally keeps the flotation collar from working up the cylinder. If this is done, the retaining plate acts like a splash plate, and helps keep water off the irradiance diffusers. During SeaBOARR-99, DalBOSS was deployed in the AMT-5 SeaBOSS configuration (Fig. 11). A schematic of the radiometric measurements is shown in Fig. 12. A summary of the data collected with the DalBOSS system is presented in Appendix G. Buoyant /Elastic Frame _ /J¢ l/stabilizingCo ® Lu ( Zo, A, tP) DalBOSS Fig. 12. A schematic of the DalBOSS system.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin combinedor irradiance sensor, can be positioned in the shadow col- TheRS-485signalsfromtheSMSRunitwere in a Satlanticdeckboxandconvertedto RS-232communi-lar. The DUT has a D-shaped collar fitted to it at a set cationsfor computerlogging.Thedeckboxalsoprovided distance, 3.81 cm (1.5 in), from the front of the DUT. This TheRS- distance was chosen based on the most restrictive clearthe (computer-controlled)powerfor thesensors. computerance requirement of the radiometers used in the different 232datawereloggedona MacintoshPowerBook by RSMAS AMT deployment rigs. The D-shaped collar ensures the usingthe aforementionedsoftwaredeveloped andtheSeaWiFSProject.Thetwodatastreams(in-water DUT can be mounted to the SQM at a reproducible locaandabove-watermeasurements)weretimestampedand tion and orientation with respect to the exit aperture each controlledtime the DUT is used. The former minimizes uncertainwritten to disk simultaneously.The software the logginganddisplayofthe datastreamsasa function ties (principally with irradiance sensors) due to distance ofthedatacollectionactivitybeingundertaken:darkdata differences between measurement sessions, while the latter (capsontheradiometers),downcast,constantdepthsoak, minimizes uncertainties (principally with radiance sensors) up cast,etc.All ofthe telemetrychannelsweredisplayeddue to inhomogeneities in the exit aperture light field. In in realtime,andtheoperatorcouldselectfroma variety either case, the D-shaped collar keeps these sources of unof plottingoptionsto visualizethe dataasit wasbeing certainties below the 1% level. collected. 2.7 SQM and SQM-II TheSQMisa compactlightsourcedevelopedbyNASA andthe NationalInstituteof StandardsandTechnology (NIST)formonitoringtheradiometricstabilityofradiometersusedto measurethe in situ optical properties of seawater while they are being deployed in the field. The engineering design and characteristics of the SQM are described by Johnson et al. (1998), so only a brief description is given here. A separate rack of electronic equipment, composed principally of two computer-controlled power supplies and a multiplexed, digital voltmeter (DVM), are an essential part of producing the stable light field. The SQM does not have, nor does it require, an absolute calibration, but it has design objectives of better than 2% stability during field deployments. The SQM has two sets of miniature lamps with eight lamps in each set; both lamp sets are arranged symmetrically on a ring and operate in series, so if one lamp fails, the entire set goes off. The lamps in one set are rated for 1.05 A (4.2 V) and are operated at 1.00 A, and the lamps in the other set are rated for 2.00A (5.0V) and are operated at 2.0 A; the lamp sets are hereafter referred to as the 1 A and 2A lamps, respectively. The lamps are operated at approximately their full amperage rating to maximize the emitted flux. A low, medium, and high intensity flux level is provided when the 1 A, 2 A, and both lamp sets are used, respectively. Each lamp set was aged for approximately 100 hours before deploying the SQM to the field. The inso one, and a black one with a glass face (the glass is the same terior light chamber has bead-blasted aluminum walls, the diffuse component of the reflectance is significant. The lamps illuminate a circular, blue plastic diffuser protected by safety glass and sealed from the environment by o-rings. The diffuser is resilient to ultraviolet yellowing, but can age nonetheless. The exit aperture is 20cm in diameter and has a spatial uniformity of 98% or more over the interior 15 cm circle. A faceplate or shadow collar provides a mounting assembly, so the device under test (DUT), usually a radiance The SQM faceplate can be changed to accept a variety of instruments from different manufacturers. Radiometers above a certain size, approximately 15 cm, would be difficult to accommodate, but the entire mounting assembly can be changed to allow for reasonable viewing by radiometers that are seemingly difficult to handle. To date, three radiometer designs have been used with the SQM, and there were no problems in producing the needed faceplates, D-shaped collars, or support hardware to accommodate these units; nor was there any indication of data degradation as a function of the needed modifications. The SQM light field can change because of a variety of effects; for example, the presence of the DUT, the aging of the lamps, a deterioration in the plastic diffuser, a change in the transmittance of the glass cover, a drift in the control electronics, a repositioning of a mechanical alignment component, etc. To account for these changes, three photodiodes, whose temperatures are kept constant with a precision thermoelectric cooler (-t-0.01 K), measure the exit aperture light level: the first has a responsivity in the blue part of the spectrum, the second in the red part of the spectrum, and the third has a broad-band or white response. All three internal monitors view the center portion of the exit aperture. The back of the SQM is cooled by a fan to prevent a build up in temperature beyond what the thermoelectric cooler can accommodate. The SQM has an internal heater to help maintain temperature stability in colder climates and to shorten the time needed for warming up the SQM. Another SQM quality control procedure is provided by three special DUTs called fiducials: a white one, a black as that used with the field radiometers). A fiducial has the same size and shape of a radiometer, but is nonoperational. The reflective surface of a fiducial is carefully maintained, both during its use and when it is not being used. Consequently, the reflective surface degrades very slowly, so over the time period of a field expedition, it remains basically constant. A field radiometer, by comparison, has a reflective surface that is changing episodically from the wear and tear of daily use. This change in reflectivity alters the 13

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign of can also be connected to the system to log data during a loadingof the radiometeron the SQM and is a source variance for the monitors inside the SQM that are viewis sion, or the data can be stored internally on a flash card ing the exit aperture, or the radiometer itself when it as and downloaded later. viewing the exit aperture. The time series of a fiducial, measured by the internal monitors, gives an independent measure of the temporal stability of the emitted light field. The SQM has been used to track changes in instruments between calibrations and on four cruises lasting approximately 5-6 weeks each (Hooker and Maritorena 2000). Until SeaBOARR-99, most SQM sessions were conducted with only the 1 A lamps and they were operated at 95% of their current rating. Alttlough the latter was a controversial decision and the topic of conflicting recommendations during the design phase of the SQM, there has been no observable degradation in the performance of the lamps as a result of this--indeed, they have survived long shipment routes (US to UK to Falkland Islands and back, plus the US to South Africa to the UK and back) on repeated occasions, as well as, the high vibration environment of a ship. For SeaBOARR-99, both lamp sets were used and both were operated at their full current rating (to maximize the emitted flux and to collect data with the 1A lamps at maximum current). Satlantic, Inc., developed the SQM-II as a commercial version of the SQM and based the design on the original. The main difference with the new unit is the high degree of integration. The entire system consists of two components, a deck box that provides DC power to the SQM-II, and the SQM-II itself. The latter contains the lamp rings (which use the same lamps as the original SQM), heating and cooling subsystems, control circuitry, the system computer, plus display and data storage. The SQM-II system is designed to be self-contained and does not require a computer to operate. Only two cables are required to complete system assembly (an AC power cord for the deck box and a DC power cord to link the deck box to the SQM-II). Although this integration reduces system complexity, it comes with increased vulnerability: a failure in any one of the subsystems can render the entire system inoperable with no opportunity for a ture, and depth (CTD) system to provide water for biosimply swapping in a new (external) subassembly, like power supply or DVM. As has always been done with the original SQM, Satlantic recommends running the SQM-II on an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), and this was done during SeaBOARR-99 (this prevents a sudden outage of the lamps in the event of a power failure, which is very stressful to the filaments). A picture of the SQM and SQM-II in the UIC on the JCR with the DaIBOSS instrument kinematically mounted to the front is shown in (Fig. 13). A summary of the data collected with the SQM-II is presented in Appendix H. User input to start and monitor the system is via a simple 4-button keypad which has a 4x20 fluorescent display at the rear of the device for displaying command options. Commands can be entered using the menus on the display or remotely from a personal computer (PC). A computer 14 calibration evaluation and radiometric testing (CERT) ses- The differences between the two SQM units are not restricted to their control architecture. The SQM-II has many improvements that use of the original unit has shown to be desirable under different circumstances: 1. The bulbs are mounted at the front, facing away from the exit aperture, which increases the average path length of the light emitted by each bulb, and it makes it easier to service the lamps (individually or as a subassembly); 2. The light chamber is lined with white Spectralon, so the emitted flux is higher, and the aperture uniformity is greater; and 3. At 490 nm, the SQM-II is about seven times more intense than the SQM (the apparent blackbody temperature of the SQM-II is 3,100K, whereas, the SQM is about 2,400 K). Although the greater flux of the SQM-II is a desirable attribute for the blue part of the spectrum, the higher output in the red saturates many sensors. This is mitigated by the use of a blue filter in the exit aperture (as is used with the SQM), but it points to a difficult problem associated with any light source: the flux level must be tuned to match the saturation levels of the radiometers. In the case of the SQM architecture, the variety of suitable lamps is limited, so the interior reflective surfaces and the exit aperture diffuser(s) are the only variables that can be changed. 3. METHODS The number of hours for scientific sampling during the cruises has steadily increased from 48 hours (AMT-1 and AMT-2) to the current total of i44 hours. The additional sampling time has usually made it possible to have two stations during daylight hours: the primary (late morning) station involved deploying a conductivity, temperalogical and chemical sampling along with a complete set of optical measurements; the secondary (early afternoon) station was usually restricted to optical instruments that could be deployed rapidly (free-fall profilers deployed by hand and above-water systems). If time was available, and if the situation warranted it (i.e., the area being sampled was scientifically of a wider interest to the other scientists on board), the afternoon station included a CTD deployment. At the outset, the strategy for AMT-8 was to plan for two optical stations per day, subject to the normal passage constraints on vessel speed and way point scheduling. The primary station commenced at approximately 1030 (ship's time) and the principal objective was to acquire in- and above-water optical measurements at the SeaWiFS wavelengths along with concurrent data on phytoplankton

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S. Hooker and G. Lazin Fig. 13. The SQM and SQM-II in the UIC with SeaFALLS mounted to the former and DalBOSS to the latter. The large case with handles to the right contains pigments and species, zooplankton, hydrographic properties, and water for primary productivity, biogases, and nutrients. To collect the needed samples, four main instrument systems were deployed into the water simultaneously: zooplankton nets, CTD rosette, and up to two in-water optical systems (two free-fall profilers or one profiler plus DalBOSS). The high quality of the ship's crew allowed for the safe deployment of all four main instrument systems simultaneously and was the primary reason why station time could be kept to the shortest time possible without negatively effecting data collection opportunities or putting any one system at an unreasonable risk. The other reason for time efficiency was the CTD (provided by the SeaWiFS Project) was equipped with 12x30L water bottles and gave sufficient water for everyone requiring it. The second station in the afternoon was always timed to exploit the most favorable sky conditions and SeaWiFS overpass. In general, this worked well, and many of the afternoon stations were in excellent cloud-free conditions or at least in periods of stable illumination. As in the case for the morning in-water optics casts, the afternoon casts were usually to at least the 1% light level. All above-water optical data was collected in 3 min sequences, and since the the control electronics for the SQM. in-water profilers descended at approximately 1 m s-1, individual data collection events were less than 3 min. With both types of sampling lasting 3 min or less, it was very easy to keep the data streams synchronized, i.e., the inwater data was collected simultaneously with the abovewater data (barring any mishaps that interrupted tile synchronization of the starts). The in- and above-water optical systems were sufficiently easy to use that station time could be kept to as little as 30 min if the light field was not changing. 3.1 Experimental Protocols The sampling protocols used were a direct consequence of the 3 min acquisition sequencing and ttle mixture of investigative objectives. For the purposes of defining and then categorizing the various activities involved, a cast was defined as an independent sampling opportunity for deriving water-leaving radiance: a) A 3 min acquisition sequence of the sky and sea (or plaque) surface, or b) A vertical profile of the water column (typically 1- 3min). 15

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Inmostcases,thevariousinstrumentsacquireddatasimul- During each in-water cast, the sky conditions around taneously,whichwascoordinatedwith hand-heldmarine the sun (cloud coverage) were recorded along with any the interruptions to the general observation. All casts were radios.This wasan importantrequirement,because approximatelytimed to provide 1 3 min of stable sky conditions, but fastpeopleoperatingtheSASinstrumentswere 100m awayfromoneanother.An experiment was defined as a separate series of casts collected to investigate a specific scientific objective or hypothesis. In the case of the above-water systems (SUnSAS and SeaSAS), the sensors measuring sea surface radiance were pointed to the sea surface at 40 ° from nadir, and the associated radiance sensors measuring sky radiance were oriented in the same plane at 40 ° from zenith. Both systems were mounted on a rotating platform with unobstructed fields of view to allow at least 240 ° of rotation (SUnSAS was mounted on the bow and had about a 180 ° unobstructed azimuthal field of view). The azimuthal orientation of each SAS platform was chosen to achieve optimal viewing geometry (Mueller and Austin 1995). To minimize direct sun glint, the system was oriented at least 90 ° away from the solar plane, or in the direction of minimum direct sun glint (visually determined). Adjustments were made before every cast to compensate for changes in ship heading and solar azimuth. When the above-water systems were used together, they always collected data simultaneously (which was synchronized with the use of handheld radios). During each sequence, the following parameters were recorded by the system operator: i) Azimuthal orientation relative to the ship's bow (in degrees), ii) Sky conditions around the sun (cloud coverage), iii) Sky conditions in the region of the sky observed by the sky-viewing sensor (cloud coverage), iv) Sea surface conditions in the region observed by the sea-viewing sensor (amount of sun glint and foam), and v) General sky and sea conditions. SeaSAS was always operated in a sea- and sky-viewing mode, whereas SUnSAS was usually alternated between the sea- and sky-viewing mode, and the plaque- and skyviewing mode. When the in-water systems were used together, every attempt was made to collect their data plus the data from at least one above-water system simultaneously. Differences in how the profilers moved in the ambient currents, however, sometimes frustrated this objective. The two profilers have very different fin surface areas, which frequently causes one or the other (and at times both) to be swept in close to the ship over the course of a profile. If this happened, the effected instrument(s) were brought to the surface, positioned in the ship's wake, and then a burst of propeller wash was used to push the profiler clear of the ship (usually to a minimum distance of 30 m). Every effort was made to make sure the in-water instruments were 30-50 m away from the ship before a cast was started. 16 moving clouds were occasionally misjudged or clouds simply formed unexpectedly around the solar disk, which resulted in periods of illumination instability. Sea and sky pictures were always taken with a digital camera during each station. These pictures were usually taken in the middle of the station time, or at a time that best represented the average sky conditions. Because the in-water instruments fall freely through the water column, there are very few parameters that can be varied by the operator, so the experimental set for the inwater instruments was restricted to intercomparisons between a) LoCNESS and SeaFALLS station casts, and b) the above- and in-water station casts. Many more parameters could be varied for the above-water instruments, and seven kinds of intercomparison data sets were collected during SeaBOARR-99: 1. SeaSAS and SUnSAS station data; 2. SeaSAS and SUnSAS underway data; 3. Above- and in-water station data; 4. Underway data (usually SUnSAS) taken right before or after a station with the station data; 5. One above-water system at a fixed viewing angle (usually SUnSAS) and the other with a variable azimuth angle (usually SeaSAS); 6. One above-water system at a fixed viewing angle (usually SUnSAS) and the other with a Variable nadir- and zenith-viewing angle (usually SeaSAS); and 7. SeaSAS and SUnSAS with variable (but coincident) nadir- and zenith-viewing angles. A concerted effort was made to conduct these experiments under varying, but stable, environmental conditions, and at different sun zenith angles. The length and breadth of the cruise ensured a good diversity of illumination levels, surface roughness, and chlorophyll concentrations, but the recurring schedule of satellite overpasses and the need to set a daily work schedule for several of the AMT-8 cruise objectives (particularly the SQM data collection which was greatly expanded for this cruise, because two SQMs were being used) made the diversity in solar zenith angles more difficult to achieve. Fortunately, the large range in latitudes crossed (approximately 90 °) ensured a certain range in solar zenith angles. In addition to the macro experiments (above), several mini experiments were conducted to investigate the following: a) Comparing measurements obtained from a white Spectralon plaque (T25322) and a gray Spectralon plaque (T24328) during diffuse (overcast) illumination conditions (when the Lp sensors would not saturate while looking at a white plaque);

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S.HookerandG. Lazin b) Positioningthesunwithrespecttotheship,soboth glint are then extended over the whole spectrum SeaSASandSUnSAScouldbe viewingthe same by using the measured wavelength dependence of azimuthpositionwith respectto the sun; c) Positioningthe sunwith respectto the ship,so SeaSASandSUnSAScouldbeviewingazimuthpositions180° apartwith respectto thesun; d) Replacingthe Lp sensor on SUnSAS with the L_ sensor on SeaSAS on a sunny day, and then using a white Spectralon plaque (T25322) in addition to the gray plaque (T24328); and e) Viewing unperturbed water behind the ship, and then viewing the turbulence caused by the ship's propeller to obtain a clear comparison of a unperturbed and foamy surface. 3.2 Optical Methods Three different in-water and four different above-water methods for determining Lw(,k) were intercompared during SeaBOARR-99: $84, P94, and P97 for the former; and M80, C85, $95, and L98 for the latter. These were the same methods used during SeaBOARR-98 and are well described by Hooker et al. (1999), so only a brief summary is presented here: $84 The subsurface profile of L_(z,A) is used to estimate the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, K_,(A), and the subsurface signal is propagated to the sea surface using K_(A); the upwelled radiance is then transmitted across the sea surface to produce Lw()). P94 The subsurface upwelling radiance measured at z = 70cm is propagated to the sea surface using Ku(A) estimated from simultaneous profiles of L (z, A) (following the techniques in $84), and then across the sea surface to produce Lw(A). P97 Ku (A) is estimated using a combination of the Morel (1988) and Austin and PetzoId (1981) algorithms. The ratio of L_(443) to L_(550) is used to estimate K_(490) and K_(520) as described by Austin and Petzold (1981). The computed K_(490) and K_(520) values are used to compute the chlorophyll concentration, C, by inverting the algorithm for K_(A) as detailed by Morel (1988). Once C is computed, K_ (,k) for the other wavelengths can be computed using the Morel (1988) model. The subsurface upwelling radiance at z = 70 cm is propagated to the sea surface using the estimated K_(),), and then across the sea surface to produce the Lw(,k) values. M80 Sky glint correction is based on the assumption that the incident sky radiance. Estimated sky glint is subtracted from the total signal in order to recover Lw(A). C85 This method uses data averaged over 10 s intervals, so each LT spectrum incorporates the contribution of temporal sun glint which have to be removed by a correction algorithm. The above-water measurements are corrected for sky glint assuming specular reflection of sky radiance at the sea surface. The residual reflection of downwelling radiation from the wave facets is computed assuming the residual signal in the NIR region is entirely due to surface reflection, i.e., Lw(A_) = O. Measurements of a horizontally oriented gray reflectance plaque are used to compute the plaque downwelling total irradiance, $95 The total surface radiance is corrected for sky glint using sky radiance measurements in the direction appropriate for the specular reflection from the sea surface into the sensor. The L,(A) measurements can be made either by looking at a horizontal first surface mirror (a mirror with no layers other than the reflective surface) at the same nadir and azimuth angles used for the LT(A) observations, or by pointing the radiometer into the sky at a zenith angle equal to the nadir angle of the Lr(A) observations. L98 Sky glint correction for this method is also based on the assumption that Lw(h_) = 0, so the signal received in the )'r part of the spectrum is entirely due to surface reflection. The L98 method uses tile wavelength dependence of diffuse sky itradiance to extend the estimate of sky glint at )_ over the whole spectrum. Estimated sky glint is subtracted from the total signal in order to recover Lw(A). The advantage of this method is that it incorporates the effect of clouds and variable sky conditions. The technical advantage is that Ed(0 ÷, )_) and E,(0 ÷, A) can be measured with the same instrument: an upward-viewing radiometer where the diffuse component can be determined by cyclically blocking the sun disc to the radiometer, so Ed(O +, A) and E,(0 ÷, A) can be continuously monitored during remote sensing observations. A summary of the in- and above-water methods, along with their physical assumptions and input variables, is presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. Based on the consensus reached at the Normalized Remote Sensing Reflectance (NRSR) Workshop [see the sum- Lw(A) in a near-infrared (NIR) band, Lw(_T), is mary in Hooker et al. (1999) for a meeting summary], all of equal to zero (Gordon 1981). Consequently, the above-water radiance measured at )_Tis entirely due to surface reflection. The infrared estimates of sky the above-water methods used in the SeaBOARR-99 field campaign used a viewing angle of 40 ° with respect to the vertical except when specific experiments were executed to 17

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Table4. A summaryofthe threein-watermethodsforcalculatingLw(A). Note that the final calculation for Lw(A) is the same in each method, and that the primary differences in the methods are in how K_(£) is derived as an input variable (the refractive index of seawater, nw(A), is assumed to be 0.544). Method Assumptions Input Variables Lw(A) Calculation $84 zo - Az < z < Zo + Az K_(z, A) from L_(z, A) Lw (A) = 0.544 L_(0-,),) Az .._ 4tol0m L_(0-,A) = L_(zo, A)exp[zoK_(zo,A)] P94 zo - Az < z < zo + Az K,(z, A) from Lu(z, A) Az _ 4tol0m Lu(0-,A) = Lu(0.7, A)exp[0.7K,(A)] nw(A) = 0.544Lu(0-,)) K,(490,520) from X(A) and e(A) using Morel (1988) P97 L,(443,550) and g_()) = Kw(A)+Xc()C () Lw(A) = 0.544 L_(0-, A) C from K_(490,520) L_(0-,A) = L_(0.7, A)exp [0.7gu(A)] Table 5. A summary of the four surface glint correction methods applied to the above-water radiance measurements. The assumptions of each method and the input measurements required by the method are given in the second and third columns, respectively. The algorithms for calculating Lw(A) are shown in the fifth column. All of the methods require ideal sky conditions (cloud free or uniformly overcast), except L98, which can be used under a variable sky. The assumption for $95 is that p(A, ¢) can be approximated by a flat sea surface. Note that M80, $95, and L98 require the removal of temporal sun glint from the high frequency LT(A) spectra, whereas C85 uses averaged (10 s) LT(A) spectra. In addition, note that for all of the SeaBOARR-99 data, )r = 780 nm. Method Assumptions Input Variables Lw(Ar) = 0 M80 LT(A) and Li(A) and Ideal Sky Lw(A) Lw(A) Lw(A) = 0 LT($), L,(A), Lw(A) Calculation "LT(A_,¢',O)" = LT(),, ¢', 0) - L,(A,¢',0').L_(A_,¢',0') = LT(A,¢',0) - p()% ¢)L,(A, ¢', 0') - AL C85 where AL = [LT(Ar) - p(A, ¢)L,(Ar, ¢', 0')] Ep(A)/Ep(A_) and Ideal Sky and Lp(A) and Ev(A ) = rLp(A, ¢', O)/pp(A, ¢', O) p(x, ¢) $95 LT(A) and L,(),) Lw(A) and Ideal Skyt L98 Lw(A_) = 0 LT(A) and E,(A) Lw(A) = LT(_,¢',O) -- p(A,¢)L,(A,¢',0') = LT(A,(b',O) - _ E,(,k) Ei(Ar) The SOOP indicates $95 can "probably" be used under variable cloud conditions. vary the viewing angle. Every effort was made to adhere to the agreed upon sampling criteria, but the most important requirement was to collect data during stable environmental conditions, i.e., clear sky, calm sea, low wind speed, etc., with stable illumination being the most important criteria. 3.3 SQM and SQM-II Protocols To monitor the stability (in the field) of the in- and above-water radiometers used during SeaBOARR-99, and to quantify the performance of the SQM-II during its field commissioning, the procedures given in Hooker and Aiken (1998) were followed where applicable. A CERT session 18 was defined and a sequence of procedures was implemented for each one: 1. The number of hours on each lamp set were tracked by recording the starting number of hours on each lamp set. 2. One fiducial was selected for powering and warming up each SQM (glass S/N 001 and white S/N 005 for the SQM and SQM-II, respectively). The first data collected during a CERT session were the dark voltages for each SQM system, which was achieved by putting the chosen fiducial in each SQM and collecting internal dark voltages for 3 min.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin 3. OnceeachSQMwaspoweredup at the selected lamplevel,it wasallowedto warmup for at least 1h, duringwhichinternalmonitorvoltageswere recorded.Thewarm-upperiodwasconsideredcompletedwhenthe internalmonitorswereconstantto within lessthan 0.1%. The radiometricstability usuallycoincidedwith a thermalequilibriumasdenotedby theinternalthermistors. 4. Afterthewarm-upperiod,theindividualradiometric sensorsweretestedsequentiallyandtheneach fiducialwasmeasured.First,thepreviousDUTwas 2.0 .... 7 T + forthe 1.o. rl_ _ [- - removedandreplacedwith a fiducial(glass SQMandwhitefortheSQM-II).Second,darkvoltagesfor the radiometerandinternalmonitordata forthechosenfiducialweresimultaneouslycollected for 3min. Third, the fiducialwasremovedandref Finally,internalmon- o.oi placedwith the radiometer. for 3min. o.o o.s .o 1.s 2.0 itor andradiometerdatawererecorded to here LoCNESS Lw(k ) [.uW cm "2 nm -1 sr -1] Eachdatacollectionevent(3min)isreferred as a data acquisitionsequence(DAS)andrepresentsapproximately1,080radiometersamplesand 450 internal monitor samples. 5. Before the SQMs were shut down, the fiducials that were not used during the CERT sessions were measured. These measurements, plus the fiducial data acquired in between radiometer dark and light measurements, are the primary sources for tracking the stability of the SQM and SQM-II emitted flux. After the lamps were powered down, the ending number of hours on each lamp set were recorded. It is important to note the warm-up process only involved the SQM and SQM-II, and it was done only once before the individual DUTs were measured; the DUTs were not warmed up per se, although, they were kept in the same room as the SQM and SQM-II, so they were at room temperature. 4. PRELIMINARY RESULTS A summary of the environmental characteristics during the SeaBOARR-99 stations is given in Table 6. Although one of the data collection objectives was to collect as much data as possible following the restrictions agreed to at the NRSR meeting, the opportunities for data collection were dictated by the weather, and the primary objective was simply to collect the best data possible under the conditions at the time. Nonetheless, most of the acquisition events were within the workshop restrictions. In this preliminary analysis, only the data collected during clear sky, calm sea, and Case-1 water are considered. The first data investigated are the water-leaving radiances derived from the LoCNESS and SeaFALLS in-water instruments, LLw(A) and Ls(A), respectively. Figure 14 shows these data from a time period when the two instruments were deployed simultaneously. Fig. 14. A comparison of the water-leaving radiances derived from the LoCNESS and SeaFALLS in-water instruments. The root mean square difference (RMSD) was computed for each in-water wavelength as: ¢(A) = 100 N , (1) where N is the number of measurements. The average of the ¢(A) values, ¢, for the wavelengths shown in Fig. 14, is 8.1%. The data is well distributed about the 1:1 line, so the level of agreement as determined by the slope of the reduced major axis linear regression (Ricker 1973, and Press and Teukolsky 1992) line (m) and the coefficient of determination (R 2) is very good with a difference of approximately 0.3% (m = 1.003 and R 2 = 0.990). Percent differences, (A), are used for the above-water analyses and are formed by using one of the variables as a reference. The reference point is not necessarily truth, but it is the closest value to truth or it is the most suitable value for normalization. If X is the variable under consideration, then the percent difference of any point i with respect to the reference observation j is as follows: 6'(>,) = 100 X'(,X) - XJ(A) x() (2) The mean percent differences, _, are the average of the total number of nonreference observations, N, for each wavelength. The total mean percent difference, _, is the average of the individual mean percent differences at each wavelength: M 1 _ _,x, • (3) i=l 19

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Table 6. A summaryof the environmentalcharacteristicsencounteredduringthe SeaBOARR-99stationsfor the SequentialDayof theYear(SDY)with all timesreportedin GMT (SDY123is 3 May).Theseastatecodesareas follows:0) calm,1)moderatelyrough,and2) roughwith whitecaps.Windspeedis givenin unitsof ms-I, windand wavedirectionin true degrees,waveheightin meters,andtotalchlorophylla concentration in mgm -3. Station Position Station Wind Sea SDY No. Lon. Lat. Beg. End Speed Dir. State 'i23 9 -51.672 -35.078 1415 1440 9 245 2 124 10 -47.018 -32.963 1405 1420 9 215 2 125 12 -42.268 -30.735 1555 1717 7 32 1 126 13 -38.318 -28.852 1404 1428 12 25 2 127 14 -34.252 -26.894 1312 1331 16 126 2 128 15 -29.560 -24.553 1513 1540 6 31 1 129 16 -25.817 -22.228 1402 1507 4 100 1 130 17 -23.221 -19.212 _1139 1221 7 114 1 18 -23.058 -18.995 :1413 1500 6 117 1 1500 1605 5 131 1 131 19 -20.532 -16.047 1215 1230 5 105 1 20 -20.402 -15.852 1417 1500 6 128 1 1500 1545 5 129 1 132 21 -18.126 -13.171 1055 1134 6 134 2 22 -17.912 -12.890 1338 1415 4 189 2 133 23 -15.400 -9.861 1042 1111 7 132 2 24 -15.212 -9.607 1306 1330 5 177 1 1345 1415 5 136 1 138 25 -14.517 -7.642 1443 1445 9 262 2 139 26 -15.530 -4.119 1039 1116 10 2O 2 27 -15.613 -3.872 1320 1335 10 315 2 140 28 -16.711 -0.076 1037 1112 5 150 1 29 -16.800 0.232 1311 1353 4 155 1 141 30 -17.883 3.899 1037 1139 3 101 0 31 -18.012 4.313 11403 1439 2 73 0 142 32 -18.988 7.620 11038 1127 4 35 0 33 -19.053 7.847 1250 1345 2 293 0 143 34 -20.152 11.563 1042 1048 5 260 1 35 -20.260 11.917 1352 1425 3 303 2 144 36 -21.003 15.000 1053 1130 9 76 2 1231 1350 8 15 2 145 37 -21.003 18.802 1035 1120 8 46 2 38 -21.000 19.308 1410 1453 9 338 2 146 39 -21.015 22.917 1044 1117 5 52 0 40 -21.065 23.278 t338 1403 3 158 0 147 41 -21.807 23.278 1045 1115 3 144 0 42 -21.870 27.052 1315 1445 2 148 0 148 43 -21.563 30.467 1033 1115 5 25 0 44 -21.498 30.956 1409 1432 3 6O 0 149 45 -20.788 34.367 1050 1118 8 14 2 46 -20.692 34.550 1305 1333 8 133 2 150 47 -20.012 38.178 1034 1106 9 37 2 48 -20.003 38.642 1405 1441 8 335 2 151 49 -20.012 41.850 1042 1123 II 17 2 50 -20.008 42.263 1304 1321 9 48 2 152 51 -19.978 45.943 1014 1101 5 219 0 52 -20.002 46.378 1333 1358 9 4O 2 2O Wave Chl. Cloud General Ht. Dir. Conc. Cover Sky Conditions 0.142 4/10 Sunny, light cirrus, hazy. 0.045 9/10 Overcast w/brightening. 0.087 10/10 Overcast w/brightening. 0.073 10/10 Overcast w/brightening. 3.5 360 0.075 5/8 Moving clouds, brightening. 0.027 5/10 Cumulus, cirrus. 0.029 Sunny, scattered clouds. 1.5 70 0.037 2/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 0.066 2/10 Sunny, moving cumulus. Sunny, moving cumulus. 1.5 60 0.030 2/8 Sunny, cumulus. 0.026 2/10 Sunny, cumulus. 4/10 Sunny, cumulus. 1.5 70 0.039 3/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 1.0 70 0.057 3/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 1.0 80 0.086 3/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 0.082 3/10 Sunny, moving cumulus. 2/10 Sunny, moving cumulus. 0.072 5/10 Sunny, cumulus. 2.5 135 0.161 4/8 Sunny, gray cumulus. 0.184 5/10 Sunny, cirrus, cumulus. 1.0 135 0.139 6/10 Variable, clouds. 0.110 3/10 Sunny, hazy, cirrus. 0.5 130 0.152 3/10 Haze, cirrus, cumulus. 0.1 180 0.113 3/10 Haze, cirrus, cumulus. 0.2 330 0.168 Sunny, hazy, thin cumulus. 0.1 Var. 0.136 Sunny, hazy, thin cumulus. 0.1 Var. 0.237 3/10 Sunny, hazy, thin cumulus. 0.145 8/8 Sunny, hazy, thin cumulus. 1.5 15 0.414 Sunny, hazy, uniform sky. Sunny, hazy, uniform sky. 1.5 15 0.814 7/8 Overcast w/brightening. 0.412 Overcast w/brightening. 0.5 15 0.117 4/8 Sunny, scattered clouds. 0.145 2/10 Clear w/scattered cumulus. 0.2 355 0.079 1/10 Clear w/scattered cumulus. 0.0 355 0.094 3/8 Sunny, dense cirrus. 0.5 355 0.048 8/8 Overcast w/brightening. 0.1 10 0.037 7/8 Overcast w/brightening. 0.5 330 0.054 5/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 1.0 330 0.052 3/8 Sunny, moving cumulus. 1.5 320 0.036 5/8 Sunny, scattered cumulus. 1.5 320 0.079 6/8 Overcast then clearing. 1.5 20 0.124 6/8 Overcast then clearing. 1.5 10 0.137 6/8 Sunny, cumulus. 0.1 20 1/8 Sunny, cirrus. 0.8 230 6/8 Sunny, nonuniform cirrus.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin Table 6. (cont.) A summaryof the environmentalcharacteristicsencounteredduringthe SeaBOARR-99stations for the SDYwith all timesreportedin GMT (SDY156is 5 June).Theseastatecodesareasfollows:0) calm,1) moderatelyrough,and2) roughwith whitecaps.Windspeedis givenin unitsof ms-1, wind andwavedirectionin truedegrees,waveheightin meters,andtotalchlorophylla concentration in mgm -3. Sea Wave Chl. Cloud General Station Position Station Wind State Hr. Dk. Conc. Cover Sky Conditions SDY No. Lon. Lat. Beg. End Speed Dir. 153 54 -15.663 47.453 1039 1118 9 21 55 -14.772 47.540 1524 1553 10 23 154 56 -9.665 48.148 1051 1120 10 134 57 -9.408 48.213 1249 1400 9 103 58 -9.235 48.253 1506 1544 8 14 155 59 -9.250 48.982 1052 1123 15 168 60 -9.178 48.983 1254 1336 13 324 61 -8.865 49.032 1509 1520 12 113 156 62 -4.458 49.702 0935 1035 14 181 Note: The total chlorophyll concentrations for stations 57 these stations were 1.9-2.9 and 1.5-2.4 mgm -3, respectively. Figure 15 shows the results of two azimuthal pointing e_cperiments during calm sea and wind conditions plus stable (clear sky) solar illumination. The data are from the same day, but two different time periods (morning and af- 90 ° in the Fig. 15 data: there is a rapid increase in Lw(A) ternoon), so they are normalized with respect to the sample, that is, the percent difference is formed by subtracting the Lw(A) value at 90 ° from the other Lw(A) values and then dividing by the Lw (A) 90 ° value and multiplying by 100 [using $95 for calculating Lw(A)]. 150 + 412 nm 0443 D 490 o_,125 -- A 510 O 555 _ 75-ro 50--- 0 4-J c 25 __ . _° i ..... + "l • 0--- • -25 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Azimuth Angle wrt Sun [o] Fig. 15. The results of two azimuthal pointing experiments during calm sea and wind conditions plus stable (clear sky) solar illumination. The mean percent difference () is given by the solid line (and solid circles). The 90 ° azimuth angle corresponds to a radiometer pointed perpendicular with respect to the sun plane. 2 1.0 260 8/8 Overcast w/brightening. 2 0.852 Overcast w/brightening. 2 1.5 260 0.514 4/8 Clear, scattered cumulus. 2 1.5 260 2.400 3/8 Clear, scattered cumulus. 2 1.5 260 2.028 4/8 Sunny, cirrus. 2 1.5 265 0.932 8/8 Overcast w/thick cirrus. 2 1.5 270 0.942 8/8 Overcast w/brightening. 2 0.647 Overcast. 2 1.5 220 1.950 8/8 Overcast, sunny, overcast. and 62 are averages; the ranges of concentrations seen at The importance of pointing a surface-viewing radiometer perpendicular to the sun plane (i.e., maintaining at least a 90 ° azimuthal angle with respect to the plane defined by the sun and the radiometer) is well demonstrated as the radiometer is moved closer to the sun plane and exposed to an increasing amount of glint ( is less than 5% only between 80 and 90°); when the radiometer is moved farther away from the sun, however, Lw(A) does not change appreciably until the azimuthal angle reaches 150 ° (5 is less than 5% between 90 and 140°). Several experiments were conducted to estimate the sensitivity of above-water measurements to vessel speed. One such experiment was executed on SDY 146 (26 May) after the afternoon station and during clear sky conditions. The first speed level sampled was 7 kts, which was followed by 5, 9, and 11 kts. The entire experiment took 44min to execute, so this analysis uses remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) rather than water-leaving radiance, because the former includes a normalization for changes in the incident solar irradiance. The reference values for the percent difference calculations were the Rrs(A) values determined at the station right before the underway data sampling was started. The results for the speed sensitivity data are shown in Fig. 16. Although the spectral range of variance for all of the different underway experiments is approximately +9%, much of the data are well distributed around zero except for the data corresponding to 7 and, to a lesser extent, 11 kts. The data at 9 kts is distinctive, because the range of the observations with respect to the station values is the greatest. An increase in variance with ship speed is one of the expected results of the underway experiments, because a higher ship speed produces less platform stability which increases measurement variance. Note that three sample sets were collected for each vessel speed except 11 kts. For 21

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign under determined by calculating the percent deviation of the rathe latter,the last twosamplesetswerecollected in the diometer (during a particular SQM session) from the mean deterioratingskyconditionsandwerenot included analysis. 10--'- 10443 I [] 490 e- I z_ 510 .o 5 {3 -'1 _ 555 O9 1Z 0 e- @ a Ig -5, o 2 -10.... 4 6 8 10 12 Ship Speed [kts] Fig. 16. The percent difference in Rrs(_) with respect to the station value and as a function of the speed of the vessel. The _ values for the speed sensitivity measurements are given in Table 7. The (averaged) data from 5 and 9 kts are within 2% of the station values; whereas, the data from 7 and 11 kts are within 5%. The poor agreement at 11 kts is not unexpected, because it was the last experiment executed and the temporal difference with respect to the station sampling was maximum (plus only one sample set was acquired, so the range of variance is not the same as for the other sample sets). The larger uncertainty in agreement at 7 kts is perplexing, however, because the data for this experiment were collected closest to the station sampling, and the data taken before and after produced reasonable results (agreement to within 2%). Table 7. A summary of the sensitivity of making above-water measurements while underway. ship Speed [%] 5 kts 0.00 7 4.61 9 -1.83 11 -3.47 Average -0.17 Absolute Average 2.48 Preliminary SQM and SQM-II analyses have been completed for the 16-bit SeaBOARR-99 radiometers (OCR-200 and OCI-200 sensors) using the 1 A data and the blue SQM internal detector (the SQM-II has one internal detector in the blue). The temporal performance of a radiometer is 22 of all of the normalized signals, where the normalized signals incorporate the internal SQM detector to account for changes in the emitted flux of the SQM (Hooker and Aiken 1998). Although AMT-8 was not the first time the SQM-II was used in the field, it was one of the longest deployments and the only one when the original SQM was deployed at the same time, so it represents an important opportunity to intercompare the two instruments. Figure 17 presents a summary of sensor stability as measured by the two SQMs organized according to their measurement types: sea and sky radiance (Fig. 17a), solar irradiance reference (Fig. ITb), and in-water radiance and irradiance (Fig. 17c). The data shows the radiometers were usually stable to within 1%, but there were exceptions. As already noted in previous SQM deployments (Hooker and Maritorena 2000), the largest uncertainties were in the blue channels and irradiance sensors were less stable than radiance sensors. An overall summary of sensor stability is presented in Table 8; once again, the average stability of the radiometers are categorized according to their deployment and data collection types. The average stability as measured by the SQM and SQM-II for a) radiance sensors was 0.41 and 0.58, respectively; b) irradiance sensors was 0.74 and 0.62, respectively; and all sensors was 0.57 and 0.60, respectively. Table 8. A summary of the stability (in percent) of the (16-bit) radiometers used during SeaBOARR-99. Sensor Type SQM SQM-II In-Air Radiance 0.67 0.72 In-Air Irradiance 0.66 0.58 In-Water Radiance 0.15 0.43 In-Water trradiance 0.81 0.66 Radiance Average 0.41 0.58 Irradiance Average 0.74 0.62 Total Average 0.57 0.60 5. DISCUSSION To provide a quick look at the data collected during SeaBOARR-99, only a small subsample of the data collected during the entire activity was analyzed, and the in situ data was restricted to the best environmental conditions. The latter is an important restriction, because it means the results may not be indicative of a wider or more realistic set of conditions. The preliminary results from this effort indicate the following: 1. The SQM-II performed comparably to the SQM and was capable of monitoring calibration stability to within 1%, so differences within the individual experiments above the 1% level are not the artifact of sensor intercalibration problems;

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S.HookerandG. Lazin SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II 4 a_.] 3 2 1 0 o__.£ T28 T68 T69 T75 SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II 4_ b 03 Z a) M30 J M35 M95 4 SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II SQM SQM-II 3 2 1 0 R36 148 150 Radiometer Code Fig. 11. The stability of some of the SeaBOARR-99 radiometers as measured by the SQM and SQM-II: a) the in-air sea and sky sensors, b) the in-air references, and c) the in-water radiometers. The white bars give the individual channels (channels 1-7 from left to right), and the (right-most) black barsgive the spectral averages (of all seven channels). 23

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The SeaBOARR-99 2. The in-water instruments showed an overall agreement at the 0.3% level (based on linear regression analysis); 3. The azimuthal pointing experiments indicate less than a 5% difference in Lw(A) estimation if the azimuthal angle with respect to the sun plane is 80-140°; and 4. Experiments with above-water sampling while the ship was underway show a vessel speed of 11 kts or less contributes an average uncertainty of approximately 2.5% (estimated using the absolute value of the individual speed uncertainties given in Table 7 rather than the ensemble average). Demonstrating the capabilities of the SQM-II is an important accomplishment, because it is a commercial version of the original SQM that can be purchased by anyone interested in quantifying the calibration stability of radiometers in the field. If the SeaWiFS Project radiometric objectives are to be respected, this is an essential part of any vicarious calibration or algorithm validation data set (Hooker and McClain 2000), because it allows for a complete quantification of an instrument's uncertainty budget (Hooker and Maritorena 2000). If substantiated by further analyses, the estimate of underway sampling uncertainty with an above-water system is an important and encouraging result. Above-water systems are more efficient than in-water systems, in terms of their ability to collect the largest number of independent samples of water-leaving radiance in a particular time period, and if they can also collect valid data while the ship is underway, they will be even more attractive to use. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SeaBOARR-99 could not have been executed at the high level that was achieved without the competent contributions of the AMT-8 Principal Scientist, Nigel Rees, and the JCR officers and crew. Many other individuals have contributed to the success of various components of the SeaWiFS Field Team activities within the AMT Program, including J. Brown, S. Maritorena, and C. Dempsey; their dedicated contributions are gratefully acknowledged. The stewardship of the AMT Program and the collection of the optical data has been a high priority for J. Aiken; his diligence and commitment has been essential to the high quality and quantity of the optical data collected. The final preparation of the manuscript benefitted from the editorial and logistical assistance of E. Firestone. APPENDICES A. SeaBOARR-99 Science Team B. The SeaFALLS, SeaBOSS, and DalBOSS Deployment Log C. The LoCNESS Deployment Log D. The SeaSAS Deployment Log E. The SUnSAS Deployment Log F. The SQM and SQM-II Deployment Log 24 Field Campaign Appendix A SeaBOARR-99 Science Team The science team members are presented alphabetically. Anthony Creamer NASA/SAIC GSC/Code 970.2 Bldg. 28, Room W120 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771-0001 USA Voice: 301-286-3057 Fax: 301-286-0268 Net: tony©seawif s.gsfc. nasa. gov Stanford Hooker NASA/GSFC/Code 970.2 Bldg. 28, Room W126 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 0001 USA Voice: 301-286-9503 Fax: 301-286-0268 Net: st an©ardbeg, gsfc. nasa. gov Gordana Lazin Satlantic, Inc. Pier 9, Richmond Terminals 3295 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 5X8 CANADA Voice: 01-902-492-4780 Fax: 01-902-492-4781 Net: gogo©satlantic, corn Guy Westbrook Plymouth Marine Laboratory Prospect Place Plymouth PL1 3DH UNITED KINGDOM Voice: 44-1-752-633-406 Fax: 44-1-752-633-101 Net: a.westbrook©pml, ac.uk Appendix B The SeaFALLS, SeaBOSS, and DalBOSS Deployment Log The SeaFALLS, SeaBOSS, and DalBOSS Deployment Log is summarized in Table BI. Appendix C The LoCNESS Deployment Log The LoCNESS Deployment Log is summarized in Table CI. Appendix D The SeaSAS Deployment Log The SeaSAS Deployment Log is summarized in Table D1. Appendix E The SUnSAS Deployment Log The SUnSAS Deployment Log is summarized in Table El. Appendix F The SQM and SQM-II Deployment Log The SQM and SQM-II Deployment Log is summarized in Table F1.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin TableB1. A summaryoftheSeaFALLS(SF),SeaBOSS(SB),andDalBOSS(DB)DeploymentLogfortheSDYduring SeaBOARR-99withalltimesreportedin GMT(SDY123is3 MayandSDY156is 5June). Cast Position Darks Beg. End Pic. [m] Around the Sun No. SDY Longitude Latitude SB DB SF Cast CCD Depth Sky Conditions 1 123 -51.6712 -35.0827 0818 0818 1413 1415 0922 100 Clear. 2 123 -51.6726 -35.0839 1419 1422 1443 100 Clear. 3 123 -51.6737 -35.0847 1425 1427 100 Clear. 1432 1434 105 Clear. 4 123 -51.6752 -35.0857 5 124 -47.0163 -32.9636 1314 1314 1405 1408 145 Overcast with some brightening. 6 124 -47.0171 -32.9635 1417 1420 135 Overcast with some brightening. 7 126 -38.3187 -28.8508 1311 1311 1404 1406 115 Overcast with some brightening. 8 126 -38.3190 -28.8508 1413 1415 135 Overcast with some brightening. 9 126 -38.3200 -28.8510 1425 1427 145 More overcast, some brightening. 10 127 -34.2516 -26.8959 1301 1301 1312 1315 100 Overcast with some brightening. 11 127 -34.2515 -26.8957 1320 1322 135 Overcast with some brightening. 12 127 -34.2513 -26.8960 1328 1331 135 Overcast with some brightening. 13 128 -29.5651 -24.5547 1413 1413 1513 1516 145 Partly cloudy, cirrus in _ont of sun. 14 128 -29.5669 -24,5540 1522 1524 150 Partly cloudy, cirrus in _ont of sun. 15 128 -29.5686 -24.5537 1530 1533 1537 140 Partly cloudy, cirrus in ont of sun. 1402 1406 160 Clear. 16 129 -25.8173 -22.2286 1330 1330 141I 1414 160 Clear. 17 129 -25.8184 -22.2276 1420 1422 140 Clear. 18 129 -25.8200 -22.2268 19 129 -25.8227 -22.2256 1428 1431 125 Clear. 1435 1438 135 Clear. 20 129 -25.8248 -22.2248 21 129 -25.8270 -22.2244 1444 1447 170 Clear with thin cirrus. 1453 1455 1458 140 Clear. 22 129 -25.8285 -22.2245 23 129 -25.8295 -22.2247 1501 1503 125 Clear. 24 130 -23.2208 -19.2105 1123 1123 1139 1142 175 Clear. 1149 1152 175 Clear. 25 130 -23.2211 -19.2096 26 130 -23.2216 -19.2090 1202 1206 200 Clear. 27 130 -23.2233 -19.2060 1214 1216 1219 100 Clear. 28 130 -23.0392 -18.9922 1346 1346 1346 1414 1417 180 Clear. 29 130 -23.0438 -18.9909 1436 1438 110 Clear. 30 130 -23.0469 -18.9903 1450 1453 170 Clear. 31 130 -23.0484 -18.9900 1459 1502 175 Clear. 32 130 -23.0508 -18.9891 1513 1516 150 Clear. 331!] 130 -23.0543 -18.9885 1535 1538 1539 150 Clear. 34[3 130 -23.0569 -18.9876 1551 1554 170 Clear. 35[]-] 130 -23.0590 -18.9872 1602 1605 155 Clear, cloudy at end of cast. 36 131 -20.5361 -16.0447 1149 1149 1215 1218 175 Clear. 37 131 -20.5371 -16.0444 1224 1226 145 Cloudy, sun at end of cast. 38 131 -20.3917 -15.8631 1355 1355 1417 1419 120 Cloudy, sun at end of cast. 39 131 -20.3925 -15.8621 1423 1426 165 Clear. 40 131 -20.3933 -15.8614 1431 1434 1436 175 Clear. 411 131 -20.3960 -15.8576 1500 1503 180 Clear. 42[T] 131 -20.3996 -15.8539 1527 1530 180 Clear. 4303 131 -20.4010 -15.8527 1538 1541 180 Clear. 44[]3 132 -18.1270 -13.1682 1005 1005 1005 1056 1059 160 Clear. 45[ 132 1105 1108 1110 145 Clear. -18.1283 -13.1661 46[]3 132 -18.1337 -13.1615 1124 1127 145 Clear. 47 132 -17.9123 -12.8890 1149 1338 1341 150 Clear. 1347 1350 175 Clear. 48 132 -17.9147 -12.8882 49 132 -17.9223 -12.8847 1409 1412 150 Clear. 50['i7 133 -15.4025 -9.8587 0954 0954 0954 1042 1045 155 Clear, cloud at end ofcast. 51[!] 133 -15.4042 -9.8585 1053 1056 1058 175 Clear, cloud edge at end ofcast. 1104 1106 125 Clear. 52[]7 133 -15.4063 -9.8575 53 133 -15.2141 -9.6051 1245 1307 1309 130 Clear. 54 133 -15.2173 -9.6036 1315 1318 1322 150 Clear. 55 133 -15.2198 -9.6031 1324 1326 155 Clear, small cloud in middle of cast. 25

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableB1. (cont.) A summaryof theSeaFALLS(SF),SeaBOSS(SB),andDalBOSS(DB)DeploymentLogfortheSDY duringSeaBOARR-99withalltimesre)ortedin GMT(SDY123is3 MayandSDY156is 5June). Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Depth Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude SB DB SF Beg. 56 138 -14.5106 -7.6389 1315 1315 1443 57 140 -16.7110 -0.0751 1007 1007 1038 58 140 -16.7098 -0.0741 1048 59 140 -16.7087 -0.0735 1056 140 -16.7994 0.2319 1247 1247 1312 6012"] 140 -16.7998 0.2348 1322 61[TI 62 140 -16.8020 0.2420 1344 141 -17.8834 3.8994 0946 0946 0946 1038 63[]-] 141 -17.8833 3.9000 1047 64I"i-] 141 -17.8835 3.9006 1055 65m 141 -17.8839 3.9022 1108 6612] 141 -17.8839 3.9026 1115 671i"] 141 -17.8838 3.9028 1121 68m 69 142 -18.9876 7.6207 0947 0947 1038 7O 142 -18.987I 7.6209 1043 71 142 -18.9869 7.6210 1050 72 142 -18.9862 7.6211 1057 73 142 -18.9856 7.6216 1104 74 142 -18.9853 7.6220 1110 75 142 -18.9852 7.6222 1118 143 -20.1479 11.5644 0959 0959 0959 1042 761T] 143 -20.2589 11.9183 1251 1251 1352 771TI 143 -20.2592 11.9177 1405 78[T1 143 -20.2595 11.9177 1410 791TI 80m 143 -20.2598 11.9171 1418 81 144 -20.9998 15.1507 1254 1254 1314 82 144 -20.9997 15.1509 1320 83 144 -20.9995 15.1510 1326 146 -21.0071 22.9115 0956 0956 0956 1044 8413] 146 -21.0074 22.9123 1058 851-i] 146 -21.0079 22.9123 1106 86[TI 146 -21.0081 22.9129 1114 87[T1 147 -21.8056 26.6933 0931 0931 0931 1046 88[T] 147 -21.8046 26.6939 1053 891qq 147 -21.8031 26.6943 1104 90m 147 -21.8020 26.6951 1112 9lIT1 148 -21.5607 30.4769 0955 0955 1034 92[T] End Pic. [m] Around the Sun 1445 105 Clear with thin cumulus. 1041 140 Thin high cumulus; cloud in middle. 1050 125 Thin high cumulus. 1059 1118 110 Thin high cumulus; cloud in middle. 1314 1319 125 Thin high cirrus. 1325 125 Thin high cirrus. 1347 115 Thin high cirrus. 1040 130 Thin high cirrus. 1049 130 Thin high cirrus. 1058 1105 130 Thin high cirrus. 1110 110 Cloudy, brightening in middle. 1117 125 Thin high cirrus. 1124 125 Thin high cirrus. 1040 105 Clear with high haze. 1045 105 Clear with high haze. 1052 1054 110 Clear with high haze. 1100 160 Clear with high haze. 1106 105 Clear with high haze. 1113 135 Clear with high haze. 1121 125 Clear with high haze. 1044 100 Clear with high haze. 1354 125 Clear with high haze; cloud at end. 1407 100 Cloud edges throughout cast. 1412 1415 130 Clear with high haze. 1420 130 Clear with high haze. 1316 1254 110 Clear with high haze. 1322 115 Clear with high haze. 1327 100 Clear with high haze. 1046 125 Clear with thin cirrus. 1058 1103 130 Clear with thin cirrus. 1108 110 Clear with thin cirrus. 1117 150 Clear with thin cirrus. 1049 155 Clear. 1056 1058 150 Clear, cloud edge at end of cast. 1107 150 Clear. 1116 210 Clear. 1047 150 Overcast with slow brightening. 148 -21.5608 30.4776 1046 1049 1051 160 Overcast with brightening. 931"i"] 148 -21.5601 30.4804 1101 1103 155 Overcast. 941TI 951TI 148 -21.5602 30.4820 1108 1111 155 Overcast. 149 -20.7876 34.3650 1050 1053 1055 165 Clear. 96 1010 1010 97 149 -20.7874 34.3635 1101 1104 160 Clear, cloud edge in middle of cast. 98 149 -20.7883 34.3630 1112 1114 100 Clear, cloud in middle of cast. 99 150 -20.0144 38.1779 1035 1037 1039 120 Clear. 1010 1010 100 151 -20.0000 42.0021 1011 1011 1045 1048 1051 125 Overcast. 101 151 -19.9996 42.0033 1053 1056 130 Overcast with slow brightening. 102 151 -19.9963 42.0075 1121 1123 100 Clear then cloudy. 103 151 -20.0079 42.2642 1228 1304 1307 1309 150 Clear, small cloud at end of cast. 151 -20.0064 42.2664 1315 1318 145 Clear. 104 152 -19.9783 45.9438 1015 1017 110 Clear with thin cirrus. lO5m 0934 0934 0934 152 -19.9788 45.9440 1024 1026 1025 125 Clear with thin cirrus. 1061!] 152 -19.9798 45.9445 1032 1034 130 Clear with thin cirrus. 107[']'] 152 -19.9802 45.9453 1039 1041 140 Clear with thin cirrus. 108 r]-] 152 -19.9812 45.9459 1045 1048 130 Clear with thin cirrus. 1091-]-] 110 153 -14.7764 47.5429 1443 1443 1524 1525 75 Cloudy, bright at end of cast. 26

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S.HookerandG.Lazin TableB1. (cont.) A summaryof theSeaFALLS(SF),SeaBOSS(SB),andDalBOSS(DB)DeploymentLogfortheSDY duringSeaBOARR-99withalltimesremrtedinGMT(SDY123is3 MayandSDY156is5 June). Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Depth Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude SB DB SF Beg. End Pic. [m] Around the Sun F 111 153 -14.7785 47.5429 1535 1537 100 Cloudy. 112 153 -14.7799 47.5427 1541 1543 110 Cloudy. 113 154 -9.6649 48.1488 1053 1053 1107 1109 130 Clear. 114 154 -9.6650 48.1488 1113 1115 85 Clear, cloud at end of cast. 115 154 -9.4229 48.2121 1319 1325 1326 75 Clear, cloud at end of cast. 116 154 -9.4265 48.2122 1334 1335 50 Clear, cloud at end of cast. 117 154 -9.4275 48.2122 1336 1337 55 Clear. 118[]'] 154 -9.4288 48.2121 1327 1339 1340 75 Clear. 119133 154 -9.4303 48.2123 1343 1344 75 Clear. 120 154 -9.4340 48.2114 1354 1355 65 Clear. 121 154 -9.4347 48.2113 1357 1358 75 Clear. 122 154 -9.2356 48.2542 1451 1451 1506 1508 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 123 154 -9.2366 48,2546 1510 1511 60 Clear with thin cirrus. 124 154 -9.2376 48.2552 1514 1515 55 Clear with thin cirrus. 125 154 -9.2382 48.2553 1517 1518 1519 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 126 154 -9.2391 48.2555 1521 1522 60 Clear with thin cirrus. 127 154 -9.2398 48.2556 1524 1525 55 Clear with thin cirrus. 128 154 -9.2417 48,2564 1532 1534 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 129 154 -9.2429 48.2569 1536 1537 70 Clear with thin cirrus. 130 154 -9.2446 48.2576 1540 1541 65 Clear with thin cirrus, cloud at end. 131[-] 155 -8.8705 49.0310 1453 1453 1509 1512 1506 70 Overcast with slow darkening. 132 ['_] 155 -8.8712 49.0310 1512 1515 65 Overcast with slow brightening. 13312-'] 155 -8,8723 49.0311 1517 1520 65 Overcast, slow darkening, light rain. 134 156 -4.4468 49.7004 0922 0922 0935 0936 55 Overcast. 135 156 -4.4449 49.6994 0939 0940 55 Overcast. 136 156 -4.4433 49.6990 0942 0943 0945 60 Overcast. 137 156 -4.4344 49.6973 1004 1004 60 Clear. 138 156 -4.4330 49.6967 1008 1009 65 Clear. 139 156 -4.4303 49.6955 I016 I017 35 Clear, cloud at end of cast. 140 156 -4.4285 49.6950 I022 I023 55 Overcast. 141 156 -4.4258 49.6939 I030 I031 60 Overcast. [] Indicates simultaneous measurements with DalBOSS-all other casts are for SeaBOSS and SeaFALLS only. [] Indicates sampling in a coccolithophore bloom. Table C1. The SeaBOARR-99 LoCNESS Log with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Depth Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re/'. Pro. Beg. End Pic. [m] Around the Sun 1 125 -42.2701 -30.7339 1512 1512 1553 1555 135 Mostly cloudy With brightening. 2 125 -42.2723 -30.7336 1613 1615 140 Overcast cloudy with brightening. 3 125 -42.2859 -30.7289 1714 1716 130 Overcast with some brightening. 4 128 -29.5651 -24.5547 1410 1410 1513 1516 160 Partly cloudy, cirrus in front of sun. 5 128 -29.5669 -24.5540 1522 1524 160 Partly cloudy, cirrus in front of sun. 6 128 -29.5686 -24.5537 1530 1533 1537 145 Partly cloudy, cirrus in front of sun. 7 129 -25.8268 -22.2244 1434 1434 1444 1446 150 Clear. 1453 1455 1458 160 Clear. 8 129 -25.8285 -22.2245 9 129 -25.8295 -22.2247 1501 1503 160 Clear. 10 130 -23.0392 -18.9922 1346 1346 1414 1417 170 Clear. 11 130 -23.0411 -18.9916 1418 1431 165 Clear. 12 130 -23.0439 -18.9909 1436 1439 160 Clear. 13 131 -20.5361 -16.0447 1159 1159 1215 1218 180 Clear. 14 131 -20.5371 -16.0444 1224 1226 160 Cloudy, sun at end of cast. 15 131 -20.3917 -15.8631 1355 1417 1419 120 Cloudy, sun at end of cast. 16 131 -20.3925 -15.8621 1423 1426 160 Clear. 17 131 -20.3933 -15.8614 1431 1434 1436 180 Clear. 27

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableC1. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 LoCNESS Log with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast No, SDY Longitude Latitude Re£ Pro. Beg. 18 132 -17.9123 -12.8890 1305 1305 1338 19 132 -17.9147 -12.8882 1347 20 132 -17.9221 -12.8848 1409 21 133 -15.2141 -9.6051 1249 1249 1307 22 133 -15.2173 -9.6036 1315 23 133 -15.2198 -9.6031 1324 24 138 -14.5101 -7.6387 1315 1315 1442 25 139 -15.5310 -4.1196 1012 1012 1040 26 139 -15.5310 -4.1209 1051 27 139 -15.5309 -4.1210 1058 28 139 -15.6181 -3.8713 1245 1245 1321 29 139 -15.6197 -3.8727 1327 30 139 -15.6211 -3.8738 1332 31 140 -16.7110 -0.0751 0954 0954 1038 32 140 -16.7098 -0.0741 1048 33 140 -16.7087 -0.0735 1056 34 140 -16.8019 0.2418 1336 1344 35 141 -18.0118 4.3128 1340 1340 1403 36 141 -18.0128 4.3125 1413 37 141 -18.0137 4.3121 1420 38 141 -18.0147 4.3117 1428 39 142 -19.0523 7.8401 1205 1205 1251 40 142 -19.0508 7.8414 1258 41 142 -19.0492 7.8422 1305 42 142 -19.0460 7.8440 1318 43 142 -19.0435 7.8445 1327 44 142 -19.0416 7.8450 1335 -20.9987 15.1502 1001 1001 1053 45[3 144 46['3-1 144 -20.9983 15.1503 1108 471-3] 144 -20.9979 15.1502 1115 48_ 144 -20.9997 15.1502 1223 1231 -20.9996 15.1514 1239 49['5] 144 -20.9996 15.1514 1246 50[3 144 -20.9992 15.1511 1253 5113 144 -20.9998 15.1507 1314 52['3"] 144 -20.9997 15.1509 1320 53['_ 144 -20.9995 15.1510 1326 54['3"1 144 -20.9998 15.1511 1337 55[-_ 144 -21.0003 15.1511 1343 56[-5] 144 57['5] 145 -20.9995 18.8022 0945 0945 1036 58[3 145 -20.9991 18.8027 1043 59[3 145 -20.9982 18.8038 1059 -20.9971 18.8064 1117 60[3 145 -20.9971 19.3092 1407 6113 145 -20.9956 19.3105 1422 62[3 145 -20.9943 19.3123 1428 63[3 145 64[3 145 -20.9939 19.3132 1436 -20.9918 19.3154 1450 65[3 145 66 146 -21.0686 23.2769 1239 1239 1333 67 146 -21.0709 23.2757 1338 68 146 -21.0735 23.2741 1349 69 146 -21.0761 23.2725 1357 70 147 -21.8722 27.0508 1301 1301 1339 71 147 -21.8741 27.0505 1349 72 147 -21.8759 27.0505 1405 73 147 -21.8775 27.0505 1415 28 CCD Depth Sky Conditions End Pic. [m] Around the Sun 1341 125 Clear. 1350 1352 155 Clear. 1411 100 Clear. 1309 110 Clear. 1318 1322 155 Clear. 1326 140 Clear, small cloud in middle of cast. 1444 100 Clear with thin cumulus. 1042 130 Clear with high haze. 1053 115 Clear with high haze; cloud at start. ll01 1102 180 Clear with high haze. 1322 105 Cirrus. 1329 105 Cirrus. 1334 105 Cirrus. 1041 110 Thin high cumulus; cloud in middle. 1050 120 Thin high cumulus. 1059 1118 105 Thin high cumulus; cloud in middle. 1346 1319 100 Thin high cirrus. 1405 125 Thin high cirrus. 1415 125 Thin high cirrus. 1423 140 Thin high cirrus. 1430 1433 125 Thin high cirrus. 1253 120 Clear with high haze. 1300 110 Clear with high haze. 1307 1308 115 Clear with high haze. 1320 115 Clear with high haze. 1329 125 Clear with high haze. 1337 130 Clear with high haze. 1053 140 Clear with high haze. 1110 1109 125 Clear with high haze. 1117 125 Clear with high haze. 1234 130 Clear with high haze. 1241 130 Clear with high haze. 1248 125 Clear with high haze. 1255 1254 130 Clear with high haze. 1316 115 Clear with high haze. 1322 110 Clear with high haze. 1327 100 Clear with high haze. 1339 100 Clear with high haze. 1345 105 Clear with high haze. 1038 100 Cloudy. 1045 1051 100 Cloudy. 1101 100 Clear then cloudy. 1118 70 Clear then cloudy. 1409 125 Cloudy with a little brightening. 1424 1427 95 Clear then cloudy. 1430 125 Cloudy with some brightening. 1438 125 Cloudy with a little brightening. 1451 100 Clear then cloudy. 1335 120 Clear. 1340 1346 110 Clear. 1352 130 Clear. 1359 145 Clear. 1342 155 Clear with thin cirrus. 1352 1354 155 Clear with thin cirrus. 1407 165 Clear with thin cirrus. 1418 180 Clear with thin cirrus.

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S.HookerandG.Lazin TableC1.(cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99LoCNESSLol with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Depth Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re£ Pro. Beg. 74 147 -21.8813 27.0504 1425 75 147 -21.8835 27.0504 1432 76 148 -21.4981 30.9547 1334 1334 1409 77 148 -21.4998 30.9542 1418 78 148 -21.5008 30.9538 1425 79 149 -20.6916 34.5498 1236 1236 1306 80 149 -20.6921 34.5504 1314 81 149 -20.6923 34.5503 1320 82 149 -20.6924 34.5503 1326 83 150 -20.0042 38.6417 1350 1350 1405 84 150 -20.0060 38.6423 1413 85 150 -20.0072 38.6435 1425 86 150 -20.0075 38.6442 1434 87 152 -20.0039 46.3761 1302 1302 1333 88 152 -20.0030 46.3740 1342 89 152 -20.0025 46.3728 1348 90 152 -20.0027 46.3709 1356 91 153 -15.6636 47.4543 1000 1000 1039 92 153 -15.6652 47.4552 1049 93 153 -15.6661 47.4555 1054 94 153 -15.6670 47.4561 1100 95 153 -15.6685 47.4566 1107 96 153 -15.6700 47.4574 1116 97 154 -9.6645 48.1486 1022 1022 1051 98 154 -9.6647 48.1487 1103 99 154 -9.6648 48.1488 1108 100 154 -9.6652 48.1487 1117 101 154 -9.4086 48.2132 1232 1249 102 154 -9.4120 48.2132 1253 103 154 -9.4143 48.2128 1258 104 154 -9.4156 48.2124 1302 105 154 -9.2356 48.2542 1451 1506 106 154 -9.2366 48.2546 1510 107 154 -9.2376 48.2552 1514 108 154 -9.2382 48.2553 1517 109 154 -9.2391 48.2555 1521 110 154 -9.2398 48.2556 1524 111 154 -9.2417 48.2564 1532 112 154 -9.2429 48.2569 1536 113 154 -9.2446 48.2576 1540 114['ffl 155 -9.2503 48.9774 1029 1029 1052 115[-ff] 155 -9.2506 48.9760 1059 116[] 155 -9.2508 48.9749 1106 117[] 155 -9.2531 48.9721 1116 118[] 155 -9.2535 48.9708 1121 119[] 155 -9.1804 48.9836 1239 1254 120[] 155 -9.1830 48.9833 1307 121[] 155 -9.1848 48.9831 1312 122[_ 155 -9.1860 48.9832 1315 123[] 155 -9.1890 48.9824 1321 [] Indicates sampling in a coccolithophore bloom. [] Indicates the Ed and E heads were inadvertently switched. End Pic. [m] Around the Sun 1428 150 Clear with thin cirrus. 1435 130 Clear with thin cirrus. 1412 1407 160 Overcast. 1421 155 Overcast with brightening at end. 1428 155 Overcast with slow brightening. 1308 155 Clear, cloud edges in middle of cast. 1316 90 Clear, cloud in middle of cast. 1323 140 Clear. 1329 175 Clear. 1408 155 Overcast with slow brightening. 1415 1419 155 Overcast with slow brightening. 1429 165 Clear with thin cumulus. 1437 175 Clear with thin cumulus. 1335 110 Clear with thin cirrus. 1345 95 Clear with cirrus. 1350 115 Cirrus and thin cumulus. 1357 100 Cloudy with brightening. 1041 1045 130 Overcast with slow brightening. 1051 110 Overcast. 1056 120 Overcast. 1102 120 Overcast. 1109 115 Overcast. 1118 100 Overcast. 1053 115 Clear. 1105 115 Clear. lll0 llll 100 Clear. 1118 75 Clear, cloud at end of cast. 1249 75 Clear. 1254 1255 75 Clear. 1259 75 Clear. 1304 135 Clear. 1508 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 1511 60 Clear with thin cirrus. 1515 55 Clear with thin cirrus. 1518 1519 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 1522 60 Clear with thin cirrus. 1525 55 Clear with thin cirrus. 1534 65 Clear with thin cirrus. 1537 70 Clear with thin cirrus. 1541 65 Clear with thin cirrus, cloud at end. 1055 100 Cirrus. 1102 1105 100 Cirrus. 1107 90 Cirrus, cloud edges at end of cast. 1118 90 Cirrus. 1123 100 Cirrus. 1256 100 Overcast. 1309 1310 100 Overcast with brightening. 1313 75 Overcast with darkening. 1317 100 Overcast. 1322 100 Overcast; very small amount of rain. 29

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableD1. The SeaBOARR-99 SeaSAS Log with all times reported in CMT. Cast Position Darks Cast No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re£ Rad. Beg. End 1 128 -29.5651 -24.5547 1425 1425 1513 1516 2 128 -29.5668 -24.5540 1521 1524 3 128 -29.5686 -24.5537 1530 1533 4 129 -25.8171 -22.2290 1334 1334 1402 1402 5 129 -25.8178 -22.2280 1407 1410 6 129 -25.8182 -22.2277 1410 1413 7 129 -25.8191 -22.2272 1416 1419 8 129 -25.8201 -22.2267 1420 1423 9 129 -25.8211 -22.2263 1423 1426 10 129 -25.8267 -22.2244 1443 1446 11 129 -25.8276 -22.2244 1447 1450 12 129 -25.8285 -22.2245 1453 1456 13 129 -25.8289 -22.2245 1456 1459 14 129 -25.8294 -22.2247 1500 1503 15 129 -25.8300 -22.2246 1504 1507 16 130 -23.2209 -19.2100 1124 1124 1145 1148 17 130 -23.2211 -19.2096 1149 1152 18 130 -23.2212 -19.2093 1153 1156 19 130 -23.2216 -19.2090 1202 1205 20 130 -23.2219 -19.2084 1208 1211 21 130 -23.2232 - 19.2062 1213 1216 22 130 -23.2248 -19.2042 1218 1221 23 130 -23.0388 -18.9923 1413 1413 24 130 -23.0398 -18.9921 1417 1420 25 130 -23.0420 -18.9915 1427 1430 26 130 -23.0437 -18.9909 1435 1438 27 130 -23.0467 -18.9903 1449 1452 28 130 -23.0477 -18.9902 1454 1458 29 130 -23.0484 -18.9900 1459 1502 30 130 -23.0491 -18.9898 1503 1506 31 130 -23.0508 -18.9891 1513 1516 32 130 -23.0514 -18.9889 1517 1520 33 130 -23.0543 -18.9885 1535 1538 34 130 -23.0555 -18.9880 1544 1547 35 130 -23.0567 -18.9876 1550 1553 36 130 -23.0577 -18.9876 1555 1558 37 130 -23.0590 -18.9872 1602 1605 38 131 -20.5361 -16.0447 1151 1151 1215 1218 39 131 -20.5365 -16.0446 1219 1222 40 131 -20.5370 -16.0444 1223 1226 41 131 -20.5371 -16.0446 1227 1227 42 131 -20.3917 -15.8630 1417 1420 43 131 -20.3923 -15.8622 1422 1425 44 131 -20.3929 -15.8617 1426 1429 45 131 -20.3933 -15.8614 1431 1434 46 131 -20.3937 -15.8614 1435 1438 47 131 -20.3960 -15:8576 1500 1503 48 131 -20.3965 -15.8568 1504 1507 49 131 -20.3995 -15.8540 1526 1529 50 131 -20.4001 -15.8536 1531 1534 51 131 -20.4010 -15.8527 1538 1541 52 131 -20.4014 -15.8523 1542 1545 53 132 -18.1270 -13.1682 1000 1000 1055 1058 54 132 -18.1273 -13.1679 1059 1102 55 132 -18.1283 -13.1661 1105 1108 56 132 -18.1294 -13.1648 1109 1112 30 CCD Li Stability Sky Conditions Pic. Views Li LT E'_ Around the Sun Cloud 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Clear. No Data 0 Clear. No Data 0 Clear. No Data 0 Clear. No Data 1 Clear. No Data 0 Clear. No Data 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Clear, some cirrus. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. 1458 Sky/Cloud 2 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 0 1 0 Clear. Cloud 2 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 2 1 1 Clear. Sky 2 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Bad Data 1 1 0 Clear (ship moved). Sky 0 1 0 Clear. 1219 Sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 2 2 Clear, cloud at end. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. Cloud 2 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 0 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. 1539 Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 2 1 2 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 1 2 Clear, small cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy, sun at end. Cloud 2 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Cloudy, sun at end. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. 1436 Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky 1 0 1 Clear. Sky 1 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. 1110 Sky Clear. [..0 1 0

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S.HookerandG.Lazin TableD1. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SeaSASLogwithalltimesreportedin GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Li Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Ret: Rad. Beg. End Pie. Views Li LT E_ Around the Sun 57 132 -18.1337 -13.1615 1124 1127 58 132 -18.1355 -13.1604 1131 1134 59 132 -17.9123 -12.8890 1338 1341 60 132 -17.9132 -12.8886 1341 1344 61 132 -17.9147 -12.8882 1347 1350 Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Clear. 0 1 0 !Clear. Sky 0 1 0 !Clear. Sky Sky 0 1 0 Clear. 62 132 1352 Sky 0 1 0 Clear. -17.9154 -12.8879 i1350 1353 63 132 -17.9223 -12.8847 11409 1412 64 133 -15.4025 -9.8587 0954 0954 1042 1045 65 133 -15,4032 -9.8588 1047 1050 Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Cloudy, then dear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky 1 2 2 Clear, then cloudy. 66 133 -15.4042 -9.8585 1053 1056 1058 Sky 1 1 1 Clear, cloud edge at end. 67 133 -15.4049 -9.8582 1057 1100 68 133 -15.4065 -9.8574 1104 1107 69 133 -15.4076 -9.8564 1108 1111 70 133 -15.2138 -9.6052 1306 1309 71 133 -15.2156 -9.6041 1310 1313 72 133 -15.2173 -9.6036 1315 1318 Sky 0 0 0 Clear, cloud edge at end. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear, small cloud in middle. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 1 Clear. 73 133 -15.2188 -9.6034 1322 Sky 0 1 0 Clear. 1320 1323 74 133 -15.2200 -9.6030 1324 1327 75 133 -15.2210 -9.6027 1327 1330 76[&] 133 -15.2313 -9.5920 1345 1348 77[] 133 -15.2339 -9.5871 1349 1352 78[] 133 -15.2370 -9.5678 1402 1405 7914] 133 -15.2394 -9.5643 1405 1408 80['4"] 133 -15.2427 -9.5594 1409 1412 81[] 133 -15.2452 -9.5557 1412 1415 82 139 -15.5310 -4.1195 1013 1013 1039 1042 83 139 -15.5314 -4.1197 1043 1046 84 139 -15.5310 -4.1208 1050 1053 85 139 -15.5308 -4.1209 1054 1057 Sky 1 1 0 Clear, small cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Clear. sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Clear. Sky 0 0 1 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 High haze. Sky/Cloud 2 1 2 High haze, small clouds. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 High haze, cloud edges at start. Cloud 1 1 1 High haze. 86 139 ll02 Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 High haze. -15.5309 -4.1209 1057 1100 87 139 -15.6181 -3.8713 1320 1323 1330 Sky 1 2 1 Cirrus clouds. 88 139 -15.6199 -3.8728 1327 1330 89 139 -15.6212 -3.8739 1332 1335 90 140 -16.7110 -0.0753 0950 0950 1037 1040 91 140 -16.7097 -0.0740 1048 1051 92 140 -16.7087 -0.0735 1056 1059 Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Cirrus clouds. Sky 0 2 2 Cirrus clouds. Cloud 2 2 2 Thin cumulus, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Thin cumulus. Cloud 2 2 1 Thin cumulus, cloud in middle. 93 140 -16.7068 -0.0724 1109 llll lll8 Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Thin cumulus, cloud at end. 94 140 -16.7995 0.2318 1311 1314 Sky/Cloud 1 2 0 Thin cirrus. 95 140 -16.7995 0.2328 1319 Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. 1315 1318 96 140 -16.7998 0.2348 1322 1325 97 140 -16.8000 0.2360 1326 1329 98 140 -16.8018 0.2417 1343 1346 99 140 -16.8046 0.2440 1350 1353 100 141 -17.8834 3.8994 0946 0946 1037 1040 101 141 -17.8834 3.8996 1041 1044 102 141 -17.8833 3.9001 1047 I050 103 141 -17.8833 3.9003 1051 1054 104 141 -17.8835 3.9006 1055 1058 Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 2 1 2 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 1 1 Thin cirrus. 105 141 1108 Sky/Cloud 0 0 1 Thin cirrus clouds. -17.8836 3.9012 1059 1102 106 141 -17.8839 3.9022 1108 1111 107[5] 141 -17.8839 3.9026 1115 II18 108 [5"] 141 -17.8838 3.9027 1118 1121 lO9[ 141 -17.8838 3.9028 1121 1124 110 [_] 141 -17.8838 3.9030 1125 1128 111/'5] 141 -17.8837 3.9032 1129 1132 11215] 141 -17.8837 3.9034 1132 1135 Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy, brightening in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 0 0 Thin cirrus, Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 1 2 1 Thin cirrus. 31

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign Table D1. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 SeaSAS Log with times reported in ]MT. all Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re£ Rad. Beg. End Pic. 113 [] 141 -17.8837 3.9038 1136 1139 -18.0119 4.3128 1403 1406 114 ]-5] 141 115f5-1 141 -18.0121 4.3126 1406 1409 116[] 141 -18.0124 4.3126 1409 1412 117[] 141 -18.0128 4.3125 1413 1416 -18.0133 4.3123 1417 1420 118[-5] 141 119[J 141 -18.0137 4.3121 1420 1423 120[] 141 -18.0143 4.3119 1424 1427 121[-] 141 -18.0148 4.3116 1428 1431 ii Stability Sky Conditions Views L, LT E Around the Sun Sky/Cloud 0 2 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 0 Thin cirrus. 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky Sky 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 1 Thin cirrus, Sky 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 1 Thin cirrus. -18.0152 4.3114 1432 1435 1433 Sky/Haze 122 [-5-] 141 -18.0152 4.3110 1436 1439 123[-5] 141 -18.0188 4.3112 1446 1449 124[] 141 125] 141 -18.0242 4.3126 1450 1453 126[&] 141 -18.0283 4.3137 1453 1456 127 142 -18.9875 7.6207 0947 0947 1038 1041 128 142 -18.9871 7.6209 1042 1045 129 142 -18.9870 7.6210 1046 1049 130 142 -18.9870 7.6210 1049 1052 131 142 -18.9868 7.6210 1053 1056 1054 132 142 -18.9864 7.6211 1056 1059 -18.9856 7.6216 1103 1106 133[-5] 142 134[-5] 142 -18.9855 7.6219 1107 1110 135_ 142 -18.9853 7.6220 1110 1113 136[-5] 142 -18.9853 7.6220 1113 1116 13715] 142 -18.9852 7.6222 1118 1121 138[] 142 -18.9850 7.6222 1121 1124 -18.9848 7.6222 1124 1127 139 [- 142 140 142 -19.0524 7.8400 i1250 1253 141 142 -19.0516 7.8409 1254 1257 142 142 -19.0510 7.8413 1257 1300 143 142 -19.0500 7.8419 1301 1304 144 142 -19.0493 7.8421 1304 1307 145 142 -19.0483 7.8426 1308 1311 1308 146[ 142 -19.0459 7.8440 1318 1321 147_1 142 -19.0448 7.8442 1322 1325 148 r6"] 142 -19.0437 7.8445 1326 1329 149[ 142 -19.0425 7.8448 1330 1333 -19.0416 7.8450 1334 1337 150['_ 142 151[-6] 142 -19.0413 7.8453 1338 1341 152[] 142 -19.0415 7.8454 1342 1345 153 143 -20.1479 11.5645 0954 0954 1042 1045 154 143 -20.1476 11.5646 1045 1048 -20.2542 11.8745 1302 1305 155[] 143 156 [- 143 -20.2526 11.8839 1309 1312 157[]] 143 -20.2515 11.8907 1314 1317 15814] 143 -20.2559 11.9078 1324 1327 159 143 -20.2589 11.9183 1352 1355 160 143 -20.2593 11.9178 1405 1408 161 143 -20.2595 11.9177 1410 1413 162 143 -20.2597 11.9175 1413 1416 1415 163 143 -20.2598 11.9171 1418 1421 164 143 -20.2601 11.9170 1422 1425 165 144 -20.9986 15.1502 I001 1001 1053 1056 166 144 -20.9984 15.1502 1056 1059 167 144 -20.9986 15.1501 1101 1104 168 144 -20.9986 15.1501 1104 1107 32 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze 1 0 Thin cirrus. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud 1 1 High haze; cloud edge at end. Haze/Cloud 1 0 IHigh haze. Haze/Cloud 0 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 1 High haze. Haze 0 1 High haze. Haze 1 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud 2 2 High haze. Haze/Cloud 1 2 High haze. Haze 2 2 High haze. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 0 High haze. Haze 0 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud 0 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud 0 0 High haze. Haze 2 2 High haze. Haze 1 1 High haze. Haze 1 0 High haze. Haze 1 0 High haze. Cloud 0 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud 1 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud 0 1 High haze. Haze 1 0 High haze. Haze 1 High haze, cloudy at end. Haze 2 High haze, cloudy at end. Sky/Haze 1 High haze, cloud edge in middle. Haze/Cloud 2 High haze, cloud edges in middle. Haze/Cloud 2 High haze, cloudy at end. Haze/Cloud 1 High haze; cloud edges at end of. Haze/Cloud 2 Cloud edges for entire cast. Haze/Cloud 1 High haze. Haze 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud 1 High haze. Haze 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 1 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 High haze.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin TableD1. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SeaSASLogwithalltime reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD L_ Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Ref. Rad. Beg. End Pic. Views L_ LT E_ Around the Sun 169 144 -20.9984 15.1502 1107 1110 1109 Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. 170 144 -20.9980 15.1503 1111 1114 171 144 -20.9979 15.1502 1115 1118 172 144 -20.9978 15.1501 1118 1121 173 144 -20.9977 15.1502 1122 1124 174 144 -20.9977 15.1496 1126 1129 175 ['_ 144 -20.9997 15.1502 1231 1234 176151 144 -20.9994 15.1507 1234 1237 177[-5] 144 -20.9996 15.1513 1238 1241 178[-5] 144 -20.9997 15.1515 1242 1245 179i-51 144 -20.9996 15.1514 1246 1249 180 [51 144 -20.9994 15.1510 1249 1252 Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 1 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 1 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 ttigh haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. 181[-5] 144 -20.9992 15.1510 1253 1256 1254 Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. 182 144 -20.9998 15.1508 1314 1317 183 144 -20.9997 15.1509 1320 1323 184 144 -20.9995 15.1510 1325 1328 185 144 -20.9999 15.1511 1337 1340 186 144 -21.0001 15.1510 1340 1343 187 144 -21.0003 15.1511 1343 1346 188 144 -21.0006 15.1510 1347 1350 189[-4] 144 -21.0008 15.1546 1354 1357 190[] 144 -21.0006 15,1601 1358 1401 191 [-4] 144 -21.0004 15.1642 1401 1404 192 145 -20.9996 18.8022 0945 0945 1035 1038 193 145 -20.9992 18.8024 1039 1042 194 145 -20.9991 18.8026 1043 1046 Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 1 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy. Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy, brightening. Cloud 2 0 1 Cloudy. 195 145 -20.9989 18.8025 1047 1050 1051 2 2 2 Cloudy, brightening. 196 145 -20.9982 18.8039 1059 1102 197 145 -20.9979 18.8046 1103 1105 198 145 -20.9973 18.8057 1113 lll6 199 145 -20.9970 18.8066 1117 1120 200 145 -20.9970 19.3093 1407 1410 201 145 -20.9966 19.3099 1410 1413 Cloud Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear then cloudy. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Clear, cloudy, clear, cloudy. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear then cloudy. Cloud 1 2 2 Clear then cloudy. Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy, a little brightening. Cloud 2 2 2 Cloudy, brightening. 202 145 -20.9955 19.3107 1422 1425 1427 Cloud 2 1 1 Clear then cloudy. 203 145 -20.9943 19.3124 1428 1431 204 145 -20.9940 19.3129 1432 1435 205 145 -20.9938 19.3133 1436 1439 2O6 145 -20.9935 19.3136 1440 1443 207 145 -20.9918 19.3154 1449 1452 208 146 -21.0071 22.9116 0954 0954 1044 1047 209 146 -21.0075 22.9122 1058 1101 Cloud 2 0 1 Clear, some brightening. Cloud 1 1 1 Cloudy, a little brightening. Cloud 2 0 1 Cloudy, a little brightening. Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy then brightening at end. INky/Cloud 1 2 2 Clear then cloudy at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. 210 146 -21.0077 22.9122 1101 1104 1103 0 1 1 Thin cirrus. 211 146 -21.0079 22.9124 1106 1109 212 146 -21.0080 22.9127 llll 1114 213 146 -21.0081 22.9129 1114 1117 214 146 -21.0684 23.2770 1332 1335 Sky/Cloud Sky/Cloud 0 1 1 Thin cirrus; cloud edge in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus; cloud edge at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 1 1 Clear. 215 146 -21.0711 23.2756 1338 1341 1346 Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Clear. 216 146 -21.0735 23.2741 1349 1352 217 146 -21.0748 23.2733 1353 1356 218 146 -21.0759 23.2726 1356 1359 219 146 -21.0776 23.2717 1400 1403 220[] 146 -21.0860 23,2701 1409 1412 2211_1 146 -21.0924 23.2699 1412 1415 222[_'] 146 -21.0987 23.2697 1415 1418 223 [4] 146 -21.1116 23.2696 1422 1425 224["4] 146 -21.1176 23.2694 1426 1429 Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. 33

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign times re )orted in GMT. TableD1. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 SeaSAS Log with all Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Li Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Re£ Rad. Pic. Views Around the Sun Longitude Latitude Beg. End 225[] 146 -21.1221 23.2693 1429 1432 226[] 146 -21.1423 23.2707 1438 144I 227[] 146 -21.1504 23.2714 1441 1444 228[] 146 -21.1585 23.2722 1444 1447 229 ['4l 146 -21.1760 23.2740 1450 1453 230[_ 146 -21.1858 23.2751 1453 1456 231[_ 146 -21.1990 23.2767 1457 1500 232 147 -21.8057 26.6931 0928 O928 1045 I048 233 147 -21.8050 26.6935 1049 1052 234 147 -21.8046 26.6939 1053 1056 L, LT E_ Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 2 0 Clear. Sky 0 2 0 Clear. Sky 1 2 1 Clear, cloud edges at end. Sky/Cloud 2 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 0 Clear. Sky 0 0 1 Clear, cloud edge at end. 235 147 -21.8042 26.6939 1058 Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Clear. 1057 1100 236 147 -21.8032 26.6942 1103 1106 237 147 -21.8021 26.6951 1112 1115 238 147 -21.8720 27.0508 1338 1341 239 147 -21.8725 27.0507 1342 1345 240 147 -21.8741 27.0505 1349 1352 Sky/Cloud 2 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Clear. Sky 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. 241 147 -21.8749 27.0505 1354 Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. 1352 1355 242[7] 147 -21.8758 27.0505 1404 1407 243 [Z] 147 -21.8762 27.0505 1409 1412 244W] 147 -21.8772 27.0505 1414 1417 245W] 147 -21.8813 27.0504 1425 1428 246[-/] 147 -21.8824 27.0504 1428 1431 247[7] 147 -21.8835 27.0504 1432 1435 248 147 -21.8860 27.0503 1442 1445 249 148 -21.5607 30.4764 0955 0955 1033 1036 250 148 -21.5608 30.4768 1037 1040 251 148 -21.5606 30.4769 1041 1044 252 148 -21.5608 30.4776 1046 1049 Sky/Cloud 2 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 2 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud 2 2 1 Overcast, some brightening. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast, a little brightening. Cloud 1 2 1 Overcast, brightening. -21.5605 30.4781 1050 1053 1051 Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. 253 148 254 148 -21.5601 30.4805 1101 1104 255 148 -21.5602 30.4812 1104 1107 256 148 -21.5602 30.4820 1108 1111 257 148 -21.5601 30.4826 1112 1115 258[_ 148 -21.5586 30.4963 1124 1127 259[] 148 -21.5579 30,5039 1127 1t30 260 [4] 148 -21.5570 30.5140 1131 1134 261 [£] 148 -21.5005 30.9293 1350 1353 262[-4-[ 148 -21.4995 30.9351 1353 1356 263[4-] 148 -21.4984 30.9409 1356 1359 Cloud 1 1 0 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud 1 2 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 2 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 2 I Overcast, brightening. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, darkening. Cloud 1 2 2 Overcast, darkening. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. 1400 1403 1407 Cloud 1 0 1 Overcast. 264 [] 148 -21.4971 30.9486 265 148 -21.4981 30.9547 1409 1412 266 148 -21.4992 30.9544 1414 1417 267 148 -21.4998 30.9542 1418 1421 268 148 -21.5003 30.9540 1421 1424 269 148 -21.5008 30.9538 1425 1428 270 148 -21.5013 30.9535 1429 1432 271 [' 148 -21.5086 30.9531 1439 1442 272 ['_ 148 -21.5135 30.9531 1442 1445 273 ['4"] 148 -21.5199 30.9530 1446 1449 274 149 -20.7876 34.3650 1010 1010 1050 1053 1055 Sky 0 2 0 Clear. 275 149 -20.7877 34.3643 1054 1057 276 149 -20.7873 34.3635 1100 1103 277 149 -20.7877 34.3634 1104 1107 278 149 -20.7883 34.3630 1112 1115 279 149 -20.7886 34.3629 1115 1118 Cloud 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, brightening at end. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud 1 2 2 Overcast, darkening. Cloud 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast. Sky 0 2 0 Clear. Sky 1 2 1 Clear, cloud edge in middle. Sky 0 2 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 2 2 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear, cloud at end. 1305 1308 1313 2 2 1 Clear, cloud edges in middle. 280 149 -20.6917 34.5497 34 Sky/Cloud

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S. Hooker and G. Lazin Table D1. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 SeaSAS Log with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD L_ Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re/'. Rad. Beg. End Pic. Views Lz LT E_ Around the Sun 281 149 -20.6922 34.5504 1314 1317 282 149 -20.6923 34.5503 1320 1323 283 149 -20.6924 34.5503 1326 1329 284 149 -20.6924 34.5502 1330 1333 Sky/Cloud I i 1 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 1 Clear, cloud in middle. 285 150 -20.0143 38.1779 1010 1010 1037 Sky 1 1 1 Clear. 286 150 -20.0148 38.1773 1038 1041 1039 Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Clear, small cloud in middle. 287 150 -20.0163 38.1753 1053 1056 288 150 -20.0165 38.1747 1056 1059 289 150 -20.0177 38.1742 1103 1106 290 150 -20.0042 38.6417 1405 1408 291 150 -20.0048 38.6418 1408 1411 Sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 2 2 Clear. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, light rain. Sky/Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. 292 150 -20.0061 38.6424 1413 1416 1419 Sky/Cloud 0 2 2 Overcast, slow brightening. 293 150 -20.0071 38.6435 1425 1428 294 150 -20.0072 38.6438 1429 1432 295 150 -20.0075 38.6442 1434 1437 296 150 -20.0084 38.6452 1438 1441 297 151 -20.0001 42.0019 1011 1011 1042 1045 298 151 -20.0000 42.0021 1045 1048 Sky 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Sky 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Sky 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Sky/Cloud 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast. 299 151 -20.0000 42.0026 1049 1052 1051 Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. 300 151 -20.0000 42.0026 1049 1052 301 151 -19.9962 42.0076 1121 1124 302 151 -20.0079 42.2642 1304 1307 1309 Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear. 303 151 -20.0076 42.2643 1308 1311 304 151 -20.0064 42.2664 1315 1318 305 151 -20.0058 42.2672 1318 1321 306 152 -19.9783 45.9438 0942 0942 1014 1017 307 152 -19.9784 45.9437 1018 1021 1025 Sky/Cloud 0 0 1 Thin cirrus. 308 152 -19.9788 45.9440 1024 1027 309 152 -19.9794 45.9442 1028 1031 310 152 -19.9798 45.9445 1031 1034 311 152 -19.9800 45.9450 1035 1038 1312 152 -19.9803 45.9453 1039 1042 313 152 -19.9812 45.9459 1045 1048 '314 152 -19.9818 45.9463 1054 1057 315 152 -19.9814 45.9470 1058 1101 316 152 -20.0039 46.3760 1333 1336 1338 Sky/Cloud 2 1 2 Clear with cirrus. 317 152 -20.0036 46.3752 1336 1339 318 152 -20.0030 46.3740 1342 1345 319 152 -20.0025 46.3727 1348 1351 320 152 -20.0027 46.3709 1355 1358 321 153 -15.6636 47.4542 1000 1000 1038 1041 Cloud 2 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Sky/Cloud 2 2 2 Clear then cloudy. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear, small cloud at end. Sky 1 2 1 Clear, small cloud in middle. Sky 1 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus (a little prop wash). Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus (prop wash at end). iSky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Cloud 1 1 1 Clear with cirrus. Cloud 2 1 2 Cirrus and thin cumulus. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Cloudy, brightening. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. 322 153 -15.6645 47.4546 1043 1046 1045 Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, some brightening. 323 I53 -15.6653 47.4552 1049 1052 324 153 -15.6660 47.4555 1053 1056 325 153 -15.6665 47.4558 1056 1059 326 153 -15.6671 47.4561 ll00 1103 327 153 -15.6678 47.4563 1103 1106 328 153 -15.6686 47.4566 1107 1110 329 153 -15.6691 47.4569 1110 1113 330 153 -15.6697 47.4572 1114 1117 331 153 -14.7766 47.5429 1524 1527 332 153 -14.7784 47.5429 1535 1535 333 153 -14.7801 47.5427 1541 1544 334 153 -14.7808 47.5424 1550 1553 335 154 -9.6645 48.1486 0909 1029 1051 1054 336 154 -9.6647 48.1487 ll02 1105 Sky/Cloud 1 1 2 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 0 Overcast. Cloud 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy, bright, cloudy, bright. Cloud 1 2 2 Cloudy. Cloud 2 1 1 Cloudy. Cloud 1 1 1 Cloudy (prop wash after 90 s). Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear. 35

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableD1. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SeaSASLogwithalltimesreportedin GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SDY Longitude Latitude Ref. Rad. Beg. End Pic. 337 154 -9.6648 48.1488 1106 1109 1111 ]Sky 338 154 -9.6650 48.1488 1113 1116 339 154 -9.6653 48.1487 1117 1120 340 154 -9.4098 48.2132 1249 1252 341 154 -9.4120 48.2132 1252 1255 1255 Sky 342 154 -9.4147 48.2127 1258 1301 343 154 -9.4156 48.2125 1301 1304 344 154 -9.4165 48.2120 1305 1308 345 154 -9.4181 48.2118 1309 1312 346 154 -9.4233 48.2121 1325 1328 347 154 -9.4270 48.2122 1334 1337 348 154 -9.4284 48.2121 1337 1340 349 154 -9.4303 48.2123 1342 1345 350 154 -9.4310 48.2122 1345 1348 351 154 -9.4335 48.2115 1352 1355 352 154 -9.4347 48,2113 1356 1359 353 154 -9.2358 48.2543 1506 1509 354 154 -9.2366 48.2547 1509 1512 355 154 -9.2375 48.2551 1513 1516 356 154 -9.2385 48,2554 1517 1520 1519 Sky 357 154 -9.2392 48.2555 1520 1523 358 154 -9.2400 48.2557 1524 1527 359 154 -9.2406 48.2560 1528 1531 360 154 -9.2419 48.2565 11532 1535 361 154 -9.2433 48.2571 1536 1539 362 154 -9.2446 48.2576 1539 1542 36318] 155 -9.2503 48.9774 1021 1021 1052 1055 L_ Stability Sky Conditions Views L, LT E_ Around the Sun 0 1 0 Clear. 2 1 2 Clear, cloud at end. Cloud Cloud 2 2 2 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 0 1 1 Clear. 1 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 2 2 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 0 2 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud 1 2 1 Clear, cloud edge in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Clear. Sky 1 2 1 Clear. Sky 0 2 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 2 0 Thin cirrus. Sky 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 0 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky 0 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud 1 1 2 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Cloud 1 2 Cirrus, cloud edges at end. 364 [8-1 155 -9.2506 48.9760 1059 1102 1105 Cloud 2 2 Cirrus, cloud edges in middle. 365 [2"] 155 -9.2509 48.9749 !1105 1108 366 ['2] 155 -9.2531 48.9720 1116 1119 3671_] 155 -9.2534 48.9709 1120 1123 36812] 155 -9.2539 48,9702 1123 1126 36912"] 155 -9.1805 48.9836 1254 1257 1310 Cloud l 1 Overcast, brightening. 37012] 155 -9.1830 48.9833 1307 1309 371[] 155 -9.1848 48.9831 1311 1314 372f_] 155 -9.1860 48.9832 1315 1317 373[] 155 -9.1890 48.9824 1321 1322 374['21 155 -9.1963 48.9802 1333 1336 Cloud 2 2 Cirrus, cloud at end. Cloud 2 2 Cirrus. Cloud 1 2 Cirrus, a little brightening. Cloud 1 2 Cirrus, a little darkening. Cloud 1 2 Overcast. Cloud 1 2 Overcast, darkening. Cloud 2 1 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 Overcast (very light rain). Cloud 1 2 Overcast (prop wash after 90s). 375[] 155 -8.8705 49.0310 1509 1512 1506 Cloud 2 1 lOvercast, slow darkening. 376[] 155 -8.8712 49.0310 1512 1515 377[_] 155 -8.8723 49.0311 1517 1520 378 156 -4.4464 49.7001 0913 0913 0935 0938 379 156 -4.4443 49.6993 0939 0942 380 156 -4.4428 49.6989 0942 0945 0945 381 156 -4.4344 49.6973 1004 1004 382 156 -4,4326 49,6966 1008 1011 383 156 -4.4299 49.6955 1016 1019 384 156 -4.4286 49.6950 1022 1022 385 156 -4.4259 49.6940 1030 1030 [] Indicates sampling in a coccolithophore bloom. [] Indicates SeaSAS and SUnSAS underway experiments. [] Indicates SeaSAS azimuth pointing experiments. [] Indicates SeaSAS nadir- and zenith-viewing angle experiments. Cloud 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud 1 1 Overcast, darkening, very light rain. Cloud 1 0 Overcast. Cloud 2 1 IOvercast. Sky 2 1 Overcast. Sky/Cloud 0 1 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud 2 1 Clear, cloud in middle and end. Cloud 2 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud 1 1 Overcast, darkening. [] Indicates SeaSAS and SUnSAS nadir- and zenith-viewing angle experiments. [] Indicates SUnSAS underway experiments with T69 (Li sensor) 36 in place of T28 (Lp/LT sensor).

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S.HookerandG. Lazin TableEl. TheSeaBOARR-99SUnSASLogwithalltimesreportedinGMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SD Y Longitude Latitude Re[. Rad. Pic. Views Views Li LT E_ Around the Sun Beg. End 1 129 -25.8173 -22.2287 1334 1329 1402 1405 2 129 -25.8178 -22.2280 1407 1410 3 129 -25.8182 -22.2277 1410 1413 4 129 -25.8191 -22.2272 1416 1419 5 129 -25.8201 -22.2267 1420 1423 6 129 -25.8211 -22.2263 1423 1426 7 130 -23.2209 -19.2100 1124 1140 1145 1148 8 130 -23.2211 -19.2096 1149 1152 9 130 -23.2212 -19.2093 1153 1156 l0 130 -23.2216 -19.2090 1202 1205 11 130 -23.2219 -19.2084 1208 1211 12 130 -23.2232 -19.2062 1213 1216 Li LT Stability Sky Conditions Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Clear. Bad Data Water 2 2 0 Clear (ship moved). Sky/Cloud Water 0 1 0 Clear. 13 130 -23.2248 -19.2042 1218 1221 1219 0 0 1 Clear. 14 130 -23.0467 -18.9903 1449 1452 15 130 -23.0476 -18.9902 1454 1457 16 130 -23.0484 -18.9900 1459 1502 17 130 -23.0491 -18.9898 1503 1506 18 130 -23.0508 -18.9891 1513 1516 Sky Gray Sky/Cloud "Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 1 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 1 Clear. Sky Gray 2 1 1 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 1 Clear. 19 130 -23.0514 -18.9889 1517 1520 1539 1 i 1 Clear. Sky Gray 20 131 -20.3960 -15.8576 1151 1442 1500 1503 1436 0 1 1 Clear. 21 131 -20.3965 -15.8568 1504 1507 22 131 -20.3995 -15.8540 1526 1529 23 131 -20.4001 -15.8536 1531 1534 24 131 -20.4010 -15.8527 1538 1541 25 131 -20.4014 -15.8523 1542 1545 26 132 -18.1270 -13.1682 1000 1000 1055 1058 27 132 -18.1273 -13.1679 1059 ll02 28 132 -18.1283 -13.1661 1105 1108 Sky Water Sky Gray 0 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky Water 1 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water I 1 1 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 0 0 Clear. 29 132 -18.1294 -13.1648 1109 1112 1110 0 1 30 132 -18.1337 -13.1615 1124 1127 31 132 -18.1355 -13.1604 1131 1134 32 133 -15.4025 -9.8587 0954 0954 1042 1045 33 133 -15.4032 -9.8588 1047 1050 34 133 -15.4042 -9.8585 1053 1056 Sky G ray 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Clear. Sky Water 1 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 2 Clear, cloudy at end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Clear, cloud edge at end. 35 133 -15.4049 -9.8582 1057 1100 1058 0 0 0 36 133 -15.4065 -9.8574 1104 1107 37 133 -15.4076 -9.8564 1108 1111 38[-$1 133 -15.2313 -9.5920 1342 1345 1348 39[$1 133 -15.2339 -9.5871 1349 1352 40[] 133 -15.2370 -9.5678 1402 1405 411"$1 133 -15.2394 -9.5643 1405 1408 42 [_'1 133 -15.2427 -9.5594 1409 1412 431-$1 133 -15.2452 -9.5557 1412 1415 44 139 -15.5310 -4.1195 1012 1012 1039 1042 45 139 -15.5314 -4.1197 1043 1046 46 139 -15.5310 -4.1208 1050 1053 47 139 -15.5308 -4.1209 1054 1057 Sky Gray Clear, cloud edge at end. Sky Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 1 1 Clear, small cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 2 0 1 Clear. Sky Water 2 2 1 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 2 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Cloud Water 1 2 1 High haze. Cloud Water 2 1 2 High haze, small clouds. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 1 High haze, cloud edges. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 High haze. 48 139 -15.5309 -4.1210 1058 1101 1102 Cloud Water 2 1 1 High haze. 49 140 -16.7068 -0.0724 0950 1104 1109 llll 1118 2 1 1 50 140 -16.7995 0.2318 1311 1314 Sky/Cloud Water Thin cumulus, cloud at end. Sky Water 1 2 0 Thin cirrus. 51 140 -16.7995 0.2328 1315 1318 1319 1 0 0 !Thin cirrus. 52 140 -16.7998 0.2348 1322 1325 53 140 -16.8000 0.2360 1326 1329 54 141 -17.8834 3.8994 0946 0946 1037 1040 55 141 -17.8834 3.8996 1041 1044 56 141 -17.8833 3.9001 1047 1050 Sky Gray Sky Water 1 2 1 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 2 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud Water 2 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. 37

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableEl. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SUnSASLogwithalltimesreportedinGMT. Darks Cast CCD CastNo. SDY 1LongitudePositionLatitude Re£ Rad. Beg. End Pic. 57 141 -17.8833 3.9003 1051 1054 58 141 :-17.8835 3.9006 1055 1058 59 141 i-17.8836 3.9012 1059 1102 60 141 -17.8839 3.9022 1108 1111 1108 61[] 141 -17.8839 3.9026 1115 1118 141 -17.8838 3.9O27 1118 1121 62['5] 63[] 141 -17.8838 3.9028 1121 1124 64[-5] 141 -17.8838 3.9030 1125 1128 65 141 -17.8837 3.9032 A29 1132 66[-5] 141 -17.8837 3.9034 1132 1135 141 -17.8837 3.9038 1136 1139 67[-5] 141 -18.0119 4.3128 1403 1406 68_ 141 -18.0121 4.3126 1406 1409 69[-5"] 70_ 141 -18.0124 4.3126 1409 1412 71[] 141 -18.0128 4.3125 1413 1416 141 -18.0133 4.3123 1417 1420 72[-5] 141 -18.0137 4.3121 1420 1423 73 [-$-] 74[E 141 -18.0143 4.3119 1424 1427 75[] 141 -18.0148 4.3116 1428 1431 76 ['5] 141 -18.0152 4.3114 1432 1435 1433 77[-5] 141 -18.0152 4.3110 1436 1439 78[] 141 -18.0188 4.3112 1446 1449 79[] 141 -18.0242 4.3126 1450 1453 -18.0324 4.3148 1456 1459 80[] 141 81 142 -18.9875 7.6207 0947 0947 1038 1041 82 142 -18.9871 7.6209 1042 1045 83 142 -18.9870 7.6210 1046 1049 84 142 -18.9870 7.6210 1049 1052 85 142 -18.9868 7.6210 1053 1056 1054 86 142 -18.9864 7.6211 1056 1059 87[-5] 142 -18.9856 7.6216 1103 1106 88[-5] 142 -18.9855 7.6219 1107 1110 89[] 142 -18.9853 7.6220 1110 1113 -18.9853 7.6220 1113 1116 90[] 142 -18.9852 7.6222 1118 1121 91[-5] 142 92[' 142 -18.9850 7.6222 1121 1124 93[-51 142 -18.9848 7.6222 1124 1127 94 142 -19.0524 7.8400 1250 1253 95 142 -19.0516 7.8409 1254 1257 96 142 -19.0510 7.8413 1257 1300 97 142 -19.0500 7.8419 1301 1304 98 142 -19.0493 7.8421 1304 1307 Li LT Stability Sky Conditions Views Views L_ LT E_ Around the Sun Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky "Water 0 0 Thin cirrus. 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 Cloudy, brightening. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 2 1 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 2 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 2 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 Thin orrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 i Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. 1 0 0 Thin irrus. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water Sky/Cloud Water 2 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Haze Water 0 0 High haze. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 High haze. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 High haze, cloud at end. Sky/Haze Gray 1 1 High haze. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 High haze. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 High haze. Sky Water 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Water 2 1 High haze. Sky Water 1 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Water 0 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Gray 0 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud Water 1 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud Gray 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 High haze. 99 142 -19.0483 7.8426 1308 Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 High haze. 1308 1311 IO0[E 142 -19.0459 7.8440 1318 1321 101[-] 142 -19.0448 7.8442 1322 1325 102[-61 142 -19.0437 7.8445 1326 1329 i103[] 142 -19.0425 7.8448 1330 1333 104[-6] 142 -19.0416 7.8450 1334 1337 105[E 142 -19.0413 7.8453 1338 1341 106[-5] 142 -19.0415 7.8454 1342 1345 107 143 -20.1479 11.5645 0954 0954 !1042 1045 108 143 -20.1476 11.5646 1045 1048 -20.2542 11.8745 1302 1305 109[] 143 ll0m 143 -20.2526 11.8839 1309 1312 111[] 143 -20.2515 11.8907 1314 1317 -20.2559 11.9078 1324 1327 112[-4] 143 38 Sky/Haze Water 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 High haze. Sky/Haze Water I 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 High haze. Haze/Cloud Water 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Gray 2 2 High haze. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 High haze, cloudy at end. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 High haze, edges in middle. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 High haze, edges in middle. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 High haze, cloudy at end.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin TableEl. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SUnSASLogwithalltimesreportedin GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re/:. Rad. Beg. End Pic. 113 143 -20.2589 11.9183 1352 1355 114 143 -20.2593 11.9178 1405 1408 115 143 -20.2595 11.9177 1410 1413 116 143 -20.2597 11.9175 1413 1416 1415 117 143 -20.2598 11.9171 1418 1421 118 143 -20.2601 11.9170 1422 1425 ll9 144 -20.9986 15.1502 1001 1001 1053 1056 120 144 -20.9984 15.1502 1056 1059 121 144 -20.9986 15.1501 1101 1104 122 144 -20.9986 15.1501 1104 1107 123 144 -20.9984 15.1502 1107 1110 1109 124 144 -20.9980 15.1503 1111 1114 125 144 -20.9979 15.1502 1115 1118 126 144 -20.9978 15.1501 1118 1121 127 144 -20.9977 15.1501 1122 1125 128 144 -20.9977 15.1496 1126 1129 129[-5"] 144 -20.9997 15.1502 1231 1234 130[-5] 144 -20.9994 15.1507 1234 1237 131[_ 144 -20.9996 15.1513 1238 1241 132[-5] 144 -20.9997 15.1515 1242 1245 1331-5] 144 -20.9996 15.1514 1246 1249 134[h-] 144 -20.9994 15.1510 1249 1252 L, LT Stability Sky Conditions Views Views Li LT E_ Around the Sun Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 High haze, edges at end. Haze/Cloud Water 1 1 2 Cloud edges for entire cast. Sky/Haze Water 1 0 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 1 High haze. Haze/Cloud Gray 1 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 O High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 1 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Gray 0 0 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. 135[] 144 -20.9992 15.1510 1253 1256 1254 Sky/Haze Water High haze. 136 144 -20.9999 15.1511 1337 1340 137 144 -21.0001 15.1510 1340 1343 138 144 -21.0003 15.1511 1343 1346 139 144 -21.0006 15.1510 1347 1350 140[] 144 -21.0008 15.1546 1354 1357 141[] 144 -21.0006 15.1601 1358 1401 142[] 144 -21.0004 15.1642 i1401 1404 143 145 -20.9996 18.8022 0945 0945 1035 1038 144 145 -20.9992 18.8024 1039 1042 145 145 -20.9991 18.8026 :1043 1046 146 145 -20.9989 18.8025 1047 1050 1051 147 145 -20.9982 18.8039 1059 1102 148 145 -20.9979 18.8046 1103 1105 149 145 -20.9973 18.8057 1113 lll6 150 145 -20.9970 18.8066 1117 1120 151 145 -20.9970 19.3093 1407 1410 152 145 -20.9966 19.3099 1410 1413 153 145 -20.9955 19.3107 1422 1425 1427 154 145 -20.9943 19.3124 1428 1431 155 145 -20.9940 19.3129 1432 1435 !156 145 -20.9938 19.3133 1436 1439 157 145 -20.9935 19.3136 1440 1443 158 145 -20.9918 19.3154 1449 1452 159 146 -21.0071 22.9116 0954 0954 1044 1047 160 146 -21.0075 22.9122 1058 ll01 161 146 -21.0077 22.9122 1101 1104 1103 162 146 -21.0079 22.9124 1106 1109 163 146 -21.0080 22.9127 llll lll4 164 146 -21.0081 22.9129 1114 1117 165 146 -21.0684 23.2770 1332 1335 0 2 0 Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 1 2 0 High haze. Sky/Haze Water 0 2 0 High haze. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 1 Cloudy. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Cloudy, brightening. Cloud White 2 1 1 Cloudy. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 2 Cloudy, brightening. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 1 Clear then cloudy. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Clear, cloudy, clear, cloudy. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Clear and cloudy. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 2 Clear then cloudy. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Cloudy, some brightening. Cloud Gray 1 2 2 Cloudy, brightening. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear then cloudy. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Clear, some brightening. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Cloudy, some brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Cloudy, some brightening. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Cloudy, brightening at end. Sky Water 1 1 2 Clear, cloudy towards end. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 1 Thin cirrus, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus, edge in middle. Sky/Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Thin cirrus, edge at end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 2 1 Clear. 166 146 -21.0711 23.2756 1338 1341 1346 Sky Water 167 146 -21.0735 23.2741 1349 1352 168 146 -21.0748 23.2733 1353 1356 1 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray 0 0 0 Clear. 39

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableEl. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 SUnSAS Log with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SDY Longitude Latitude Ref. Rad. Beg. End Pic. 169 146 -21.0759 23.2726 1356 1359 170 146 -21.0776 23.2717 1400 1403 171 [] 146 -21.0860 23.2701 1409 1412 172[T] 146 -21.0924 23.2699 1412 1415 173 ['] 146 -21.0987 23.2697 1415 1418 174 ['] 146 -21.1116 23.2696 '1422 1425 175[] 146 -21.1176 23.2694 1426 1429 176[] 146 -21.1221 23.2693 1429 1432 177[ 146 -21.1423 23.2707 1438 1441 178 [] 146 -21.1504 23.2714 1441 1444 179 [] 146 -21.1585 23.2722 1444 1447 180[] 146 -21.1760 23.2740 1450 1453 181[ 146 -21.1858 23.2751 1453 1456 182 [] 146 -21.1990 23.2767 1457 1500 183 147 -21.8032 26.6580 1006 1006 1015 1018 184 147 -21.8046 26.6671 1018 1021 185 147 -21.8060 26.6761 1021 1024 186 147 -21.8057 26.6931 1045 1048 187 147 -21.8050 26.6935 1049 1052 188 147 i-21.8046 26.6939 1053 1056 189 147 -21.8042 26.6939 1057 ll00 1058 !190 147 -21.8032 26.6942 1103 1106 191 147 -21.8021 26.6951 1112 1115 192 147 -21.8588 27.0176 1312 1315 193 147 -21.8612 27.0296 1316 1319 194 147 -21.8630 27.0386 1319 1322 195 147 -21.8720 27.0508 1338 1341 196 147 -21.8725 27.0507 1342 1345 197 147 -21.8741 27.0505 1349 1352 198 147 -21.8749 27.0505 1352 1355 1354 199['7] 147 -21.8758 27.0505 1404 1407 200 [] 147 -21.8762 27.0505 1409 1412 201['7] 147 -21.8772 27.0505 1414 1417 202[7] 147 -21.8813 27.0504 1425 1428 203 [7"] 147 -21.8824 27.0504 1428 1431 204 ['7"] 147 -21.8835 27.0504 t432 1435 205 147 -21.8860 27.0503 1442 1445 206 148 -21.5705 30.4339 0955 0955 1002 1005 207 148 -21.5705 30.4339 1002 1005 208 148 -21.5705 30.4339 1002 1005 209 148 -21.5607 30.4764 1033 1036 210 148 -21.5608 30.4768 1037 1040 211 148 -21.5606 30.4769 1041 1044 212 148 -21.5608 30.4776 1046 1049 213 148 -21.5605 30.4781 1050 1053 1051 214 148 -21.5601 30.4805 1101 1104 215 148 -21.5602 30.4812 1104 1107 216 148 -21.5602 30.4820 1108 llll 217 148 -21.5601 30.4826 1112 1115 :-21.5586 30.4963 1124 1127 218[A] 148 219[_ 148 ,-21.5579 30.5039 1127 1130 -21.5570 30.5140 1131 1134 220[] 148 -21.5005 30.9293 1350 1353 221 [] 148 222[J 148 -21.4995 30.9351 1353 1356 223[ 148 -21.4984 30.9409 1356 1359 -21.4971 30.9486 1400 1403 1407 224 [] 148 40 Li Lr Stability Sky Conditions Views Views Li LT E Around the Sun Sky/Cloud Water 0 2 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 2 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 2 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 1 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Clear, edges at end. Sky Water i0 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 0 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 1 Clear, edge at end. Sky Gray 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 1 Clear. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray 0 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 1 Thin cirrus. 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water Cloud Water 1 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 0 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Overcast, some brightening. Cloud White 1 1 1 Overcast, a little brightening. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud White 1 1 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud White 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Gray 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 2 Overcast, darkening. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast, darkening. Cloud Water 2 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 0 Overcast.

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S.HookerandG.Lazin TableEl. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SUnSASLogwithalltimesreportedin GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Li LT Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Ref. Rad. Beg. End Pic. 225 148 -21.4981 30.9547 1409 1412 226 148 -21.4992 30.9544 1414 1417 227 148 -21.4998 30.9542 1418 1421 228 148 -21.5003 30.9540 11421 1424 229 148 1-21.5008 30.9538 1425 1428 230 148 i-21.5013 30.9535 1429 1432 231 [4] 148 i-21.5086 30.9531 1439 1442 232['4"] 148 -21.5135 30.9531 1442 1445 2331X] 148 -21.5199 30.9530 1446 1449 234 148 -21.5273 30.9661 1455 1458 '235 148 -21.5256 30.9781 1459 1502 236 149 -20.7876 34.3650 1010 1010 1050 1053 Views Views L, LT E_ Around the Sun Cloud Water 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, brightening at end. Cloud Gray 0 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud Gray 1 2 2 Overcast, darkening. Cloud Water 1 0 0 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 I Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, some brightening. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast, brightening at end. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. 237 149 1055 Sky Gray 0 0 0 Clear. -20.7877 34.3643 1054 1057 238 149 -20.7873 34.3635 1100 1103 239 149 -20.7877 34.3634 1104 1107 240 149 -20.7883 34.3630 1112 1115 241 149 -20.7886 34.3629 1115 1118 !42 149 -20.6996 34.5362 1247 1250 243 149 -20.6971 34.5399 1250 1253 244 149 -20.6940 34.5448 1254 1257 1313 Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear, edges in middle. 245 149 -20.6917 34.5497 1305 1308 246 149 -20.6922 34.5504 1314 1317 247 149 -20.6923 34.5503 1320 1323 248 149 -20.6924 34.5503 1326 1329 249 149 -20.6924 34.5502 1330 1333 250 150 -20.0143 38.1779 1010 1010 1034 1037 Sky Water 1 1 1 Clear, cloud edge in middle. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 2 2 2 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Clear, cloud at the end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Clear, edges middle and end. Sky Water 1 1 1 Overcast, brightening, clear. Sky Water 1 1 1 Clear, cloud in middle. 0 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud W'ater Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 2 1 Clear, cloud in middle. _Vater Water 1 1 1 Clear. 251 150 -20.0148 38.1773 1038 1041 1039 Sky/Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Clear, cloud in middle. 252 150 -20.0163 38.1753 1053 1056 253 150 -20.0165 38.1747 1056 1059 254 150 -20.0177 38.1742 1103 1106 255 150 -20.0042 38.6417 1405 1408 256 150 -20.0048 38.6418 1408 1411 Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Clear. Cloud Water 2 1 2 Clear. 'Cloud Water 2 1 1 Overcast, light rain. Sky Water 2 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Sky Gray 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. 257 150 -20.0061 38.6424 1419 Sky Gray 0 1 2 Overcast, slow brightening. 1413 1416 258 150 -20.0071 38.6435 1425 1428 259 150 -20.0072 38.6438 1429 1432 260 150 -20.0075 38.6442 1434 1437 261 150 -20.0084 38.6452 1438 1441 262 150 -20.0142 38.6506 1450 1453 263 150 -20.0196 38.6544 1454 1457 264 150 -20.0235 38.6572 1457 1500 265 151 -20.0001 42.0019 1011 1011 1042 1045 266 151 -20.0000 42.0021 1045 1048 1051 Cloud White 2 2 1 Overcast, slow brightening. 267 151 -20.0000 42.0026 1049 1052 268 151 -20.0000 42.0026 1049 1052 269 151 -19.9962 42.0076 1121 1124 270 151 -20.0079 42.2642 1304 1307 Sky Water 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Thin cumulus. Sky Water 0 1 0 Thin cumulus. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Thin cumulus. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Cloudy then clear. Sky "Water 1 2 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 2 1 Clear, clouds in middle. Cloud Water 2 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 2 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Gray 2 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 2 Clear then cloudy. Sky Water 1 2 1 Clear, small cloud at end. 271 151 1309 Sky Gray 1 1 1 Clear. -20.0076 42.2643 1308 1311 272 151 -20.0064 42.2664 1315 1318 273 151 -20.0058 42.2672 1318 1321 274 152 -19.9863 45.9088 0940 0940 0949 0952 275 152 -19.9826 45.9177 0952 0955 276 152 -19.9789 45.9266 0955 0958 277 152 -19.9783 45.9438 1014 1017 278 152 -19.9784 45.9437 1018 1021 Sky Water 1 2 1 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky Gray 1 1 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 0 Very thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. 279 152 1025 Sky Water 0 0 1 Thin cirrus. -19.9788 45.9440 1024 1027 280 152 -19.9794 45.9442 1028 1031 Sky Gray 0 0 1 Thin cirrus. 41

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TheSeaBOARR-99FieldCampaign TableEl. (cont.)TheSeaBOARR-99SUnSASLogwithalltimesreportedin GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re[. Rad. Beg. End Pic. 281 152 -19.9798 45.9445 1031 1034 282 152 -19.9800 45.9450 1035 1038 283 152 -19.9803 45.9453 1039 1042 284 152 -19.9812 45.9459 1045 1048 285 152 -19.9818 45.9463 1054 1057 286 152 -19.9814 45.9470 1058 1101 287 152 -20.0039 46.3760 1333 1336 288 152 -20.0036 46.3752 1336 1339 1338 289 152 -20.0030 46.3740 11342 1345 290 152 -20.0025 46.3727 1348 1351 291 152 -20.0027 46.3709 1355 1358 292 153 -15.7106 47.4500 1000 lo00 1013 1016 293 153 -15.6973 47.4516 1016 1019 294 153 -15.6749 47.4544 1021 1024 295 153 -15.6636 47.4542 1038 1041 296 153 -15.6645 47.4546 1043 1046 1045 297 153 -15.6653 47.4552 1049 1052 153 -15.6660 47.4555 1053 1056 298 299 153 -15.6665 47.4558 1056 1059 300 153 -15.6671 47.4561 1100 1103 301 153 -15.6678 47.4563 1103 1106 3O2 153 -15.6686 47.4566 1107 1110 303 153 -15.6691 47.4569 1110 1113 304 153 -15.6697 47.4572 1114 1117 305 153 -14.7766 47.5429 1524 1527 306 153 -14.7784 47.5429 1535 1535 307 153 -14.7801 47.5427 1541 1544 3o8_1 154 -9.9580 48.0692 0909 0909 0914 0917 309[] 154 -9.9430 48.0728 0919 0922 31o[E 154 -9.9255 48.0772 0923 0926 311[E 154 -9.9079 48.0818 0927 0930 154 -9.8947 48.0855 0930 0933 312['1 154 -9.8773 48.0903 0934 0937 313[-81 154 -9.8600 48.0949 0938 0941 314[-8] 154 -9.8466 48.0983 0941 0944 315[-81 154 -9.8158 48.1063 0948 0951 316[-8"] 317['g] 154 -9.8023 48.1098 0951 O954 318[] 154 -9.7844 48.1145 0955 O958 319['81 154 -9.7669 48.1191 0959 1002 32o[] 154 -9.7537 48.1226 1002 1005 321 ['g] 154 -9.7360 48.1273 1006 1009 322l-8] 154 -9.7229 48.1308 1009 1012 323[-g] 154 -9.7052 48.1356 1013 1016 324[] 154 -9.6925 48.1391 1016 1019 1325 154 -9.4098 48.2132 1249 1252 1255 Sky Gray 2 1 1 Clear. 326 154 -9.4120 48.2132 1252 1255 27 154 -9.4147 48.2127 1258 1301 328 154 -9.4156 48.2125 !1301 1304 329 154 -9.4165 48.2120 1305 1308 330 154 -9.4181 48.2118 1309 1312 331 154 -9.4233 48.2121 1325 1328 332 154 -9.4270 48.2122 1334 1337 333 154 -9.4284 48.2121 1337 1340 334 154 -9.4303 48.2123 1342 1345 335 154 -9.4310 48.2122 1345 1348 336 154 -9.4335 48.2115 1352 1355 42 L LT Stability Sky Conditions Views Views L, LT E Around the Sun Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 0 0 Thin cirrus, prop wash. Sky/Cloud Water 0 0 1 Thin cirrus, wash at end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Thin cirrus. Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 2 Clear with cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Clear with cirrus. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cirrus and thin cumulus. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Cloudy, brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 1 :Overcast, brightening at end. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 1 !Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Overcast, some brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 2 Overcast. Cloud White 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud Gray 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud White 2 0 0 Overcast. Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast, slow brightening. Cloud Water 1 0 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Cloudy, bright, cloudy. Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cloudy. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Cloudy. 1 Clear. Sky Sky 0 1 1 Clear. Sky 0 Clear. Sky 1 1 0 Clear, cloud edges in middle. Sky 0 Clear. [fl 0 1 Sky [w- 0 1 0 Clear. Sky NT-gl 0 1 0 Clear. Sky [W-_l 0 1 1 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Gray 0 0 0 Clear. Sky White 0 0 0 Clear. Water 0 1 0 Clear. Sky Sky Gray 0 0 1 Clear. Sky White 0 0 1 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 1 Clear. Sky Gray 0 0 0 Clear. Sky White 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 2 1 Clear. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear. Sky Gray 1 0 0 Clear. Sky Water 0 1 0 Clear. 1 0 0 Clear. Sky/Cloud Gray Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear, cloud at end. Sky Water 0 2 0 Clear. Sky Water 1 1 0 [Clear. Sky Gray 1 1 1 Clear, cloud edge in middle. Sky Water 1 2 0 Clear.

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S.HookerandG. Lazin TableEl. (cont.) The SeaBOARR-99 SUnSAS Log with all times reported in GMT. Cast Position Darks Cast CCD Li LT Stability Sky Conditions No. SDY Longitude Latitude Re£ Rad. Beg. End Pic. 337 154 -9.4347 48.2113 1356 1359 338[7] 155 -9.2503 48.9774 1021 1048 1052 1055 Views Views L, LT E_ Around the Sun Sky/Cloud Gray 1 1 1 Clear. Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cirrus, cloud edges at end. 339 [-2] 155 -9.2506 48.9760 1059 1102 1105 Cloud Water 1 2 1 Cirrus, edges in middle. 340 I_] 155 -9.2509 48.9749 1105 1108 341 [2] 155 -9.2531 48.9720 1116 1119 342 [2] 155 -9.2534 48.9709 1120 1123 3431_] 155 -9.2539 48.9702 1123 1126 344[] 155 -9.1805 48.9836 1254 1257 Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cirrus, cloud at end. Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cirrus. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Cirrus, a little brightening. Cloud Water 1 2 2 Cirrus, a little darkening. Cloud Water 1 2 2 Overcast. 345[7] 155 -9.1830 48.9833 1307 1309 1310 Cloud Water 1 2 1 Overcast, brightening. 346[7] 155 -9.1848 48.9831 1311 1314 3471_] 155 -9.1860 48.9832 1315 1317 348[7] 155 -9.1890 48.9824 1321 1322 349 156 -4.4464 49.7001 0913 0913 0935 0938 350 156 -4.4443 49.6993 0939 0942 351 156 -4.4428 49.6989 0942 0945 0945 352 156 -4.4344 49.6973 1004 1004 353 156 -4.4326 49.6966 1008 1011 354 156 -4.4299 49.6955 1016 1019 355 156 -4.4286 49.6950 1022 1022 356 156 -4.4259 49.6940 1030 1030 [] Indicates sampling in a coccolithophore bloom. [] Indicates SeaSAS and SUnSAS underway experiments. [] Indicates SeaSAS azimuth pointing experiments. [] Indicates SeaSAS nadir- and zenith-viewing angle experiments. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Overcast, darkening. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Overcast. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Overcast (very little rain). Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast. Sky/Cloud Water 2 2 1 Overcast. Sky/Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast. Sky/Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear, cloud in middle. Sky/Cloud Water 2 1 1 Clear, cloud at end. Cloud Water 1 2 1 Clear, then cloud. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast, brightening. Cloud Water 1 1 1 Overcast, darkening. [] Indicates SeaSAS and SUnSAS nadir- and zenith-viewing angle experiments. [] Indicates SUnSAS underway experiments with T69 (Li sensor) in place of T28 (Lp/LT sensor). Indicates sea- then (white) plaque-viewing in the same file (about 90 s each). Indicates sea- then (gray) plaque-viewing in the same file (about 90s each). Table F1. A summary of the SQM and SQM-II Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-99. All times are in GMT, and the low and medium levels correspond to the 1 A and 2 A being used for illumination, respectively. Session SDY Level SQM SQM-II Q16 Q33 R36 H23 148 I50 M30 N46 N48 T28 T68 T69 T75 M35 M95 1 97 Low × X X X X 2 128 Low X X X 3 129 Low X 4 130 Low X X X 5 131 Low X 6 132 Low X X X 7 133 Med. x x 8 134 Med. x x x x 9 137 Low x x x x I0 138 Low x x II 139 Med. x x x x 12 140 Med. x x 13 141 Low x x x x x 14 142 Low x x x 15 143 Med. x x x x x 16 144 Med. x x x 17 145 Low x x x x x 18 146 Low x x x 19 147 Med. x x x x x 20 148 Med. x x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 43

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The SeaBOARR-99 Field Campaign Table F1. (cont.) A summary of the SQM and SQM-II Deployment Log for SeaBOARR-99. Session SDY Level SQM SQM-II Q16 Q33 R36 H23 21 149 Low X X X X X 22 150 Low X X X 23 151 Med. X X X X X 24 152 Med. X X X 25 153 Low x x x x x 26 154 Low x x x 27 155 Medl x x x x x 28 156 Med. x x x CLOSSARY A/D Analog-to-Digital AC Alternating Current AMT Atlantic Meridional Transect AMT-1 The First AMT Cruise AMT-2 The Second AMT Cruise AMT-5 The Fifth AMT Cruise AMT-8 The Eighth AMT Cruise ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange CCD Charge-Coupled Device CERT Calibration Evaluation and Radiometric Testing CT Conductivity and Temperature (probe) CTD Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (instrument) CVE Calibration and Validation Element DalBOSS Dalhousie Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor DAS Data Acquisition Sequence DATA Not an acronym, but a designator for the series of power and telemetry units from Satlantic, Inc. DC Direct Current DIR Not an acronym, but a designator for the Satlantic, Inc., series of directional units. DUT Device Under Test DVM Digital Voltmeter GMT Greenwich Mean Time GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography JCR (Royal Research Ship) James Clark Ross LoCNESS Low-Cost NASA Environmental Sampling System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIR Near-Infrared NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NRSR Normalized Remote Sensing Reflectance OCI Ocean Color Irradiance OCR Ocean Color Radiance PC Personal Computer RMSD Root Mean Square Difference RSMAS Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science 44 I48 I50 M30 N46 N48 T28 T68 T69 T75 M35 M95 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x x x x × x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x S/N Serial Number SAS Surface Acquisition System SeaBOARR SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin SeaBOARR-98 The First SeaBOARR (held in 1998) SeaBOARR-99 The Second SeaBOARR (held in 1999) SeaBOSS SeaWiFS Buoyant Optical Surface Sensor SeaFALLS SeaWiFS Free-Falling Advanced Light Level Sensors SeaOPS SeaWiFS Optical Profiling System SeaSAS SeaWiFS Surface Acquisition System SeaSHADE SeaWiFS Shadow Band (radiometer) SeaWiFS Square Underwater Reference Frame SeaSURF SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor SDY Sequential Day of the Year SMSR SeaWiFS Multichannel Surface Reference SOOP SeaWiFS Ocean Optics Protocols SPMR SeaWiFS Profiling Multichannel Radiometer SQM SeaWiFS Quality Monitor SQM-II The Second Generation SQM SUnSAS SeaWiFS Underway Surface Acquisition System THOR Three-Headed Optical Recorder UIC Underway Instrumentation and Control (a room) UPS Uninterruptable Power Supply SYMBOLS C Chlorophyll concentration. e A regression coefficient. Ed Downwelled irradianee. E, Indirect (diffuse) irradiance. E_ Plaque downwelling total irradiance. E_ Upwelled irradiance. i A given point. J Reference observation. K_ The diffuse attenuation coefficient calculated from L_(z) data. Li Indirect (sky) radiance. Lp Plaque radiance. LT Total radiance (for z = 0+, right above the sea surface). LIA Upwelled radiance. Lw Water-leaving radiance. L_ Water-leaving radiance derived from LoCNESS data. L# Water-leaving radiance derived from SeaFALLS data.

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S.HookerandG.Lazin m Slopeof the reduced major axis linear regression. M Number of wavelengths. n_ The refractive index of seawater. N The number of measurements. R _ Coefficient of determination. Rrs Remote sensing reflectance. S Salinity. T Temperature. x The abscissa. X Variable under consideration. y The ordinate. z The vertical coordinate. zo Center depth. (f(A) The percent difference between two variables. The total mean percent difference. _ The mean percent difference over a range of wavelengths. i(A) An individual percent difference between two variables within a time series of observations. Az The integration half interval (Az _ 4-10m). AL A correction factor for the specular reflection of sky light and the residual reflection of downwelling radiation from wave facets. 0 The solar zenith angle. The nadir angle. 0' r-. A Wavelength (the spectral coordinate). A7 Seven spectral channels. A13 Thirteen spectral channels. Ar A wavelength in the near infrared part of the spectrum. p The Fresnel reflectance of seawater. ¢ The solar azimuth angle. ¢' ¢ =[: 2 ( 900 away from the sun in either direction, i.e., ¢+ or ¢-). ¢- ¢-. ¢* ¢+. The perturbations (or tilts) in alignment away from Z. Xc A regression coefficient. ¢(A) The RMSD for a particular wavelength. ¢ The mean RMSD over a range of wavelengths. REFERENCES Aiken, J., D.G. Cummings, S.W. Gibb, N.W. Rees, R. Woodd- Walker, E.M.S. Woodward, J. Woolfenden, S.B. Hooker, J-F. Berthon, C.D. Dempsey, D.J. Suggett, P. Wood, C. Donlon, N. Gonz_lez-Ben[tez, I. Huskin, M. Quevedo, R. Barciela-Fernandez, C. de Vargas, and C. McKee, 1998: AMT-5 Cruise Report. NASA Tech. Memo. I998-206892, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 113 pp. Austin, R.W., 1974: The Remote Sensing of Spectral Radiance from Below the Ocean Surface. In: Optical Aspects of Oceanography, N.G. Jerlov and E.S. Nielsen, Eds., Academic Press, London, 317-344. , and T.J. Petzold, 1981: The determination of diffuse attenuation coefficient of sea water using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. In: Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 239-256. Bukata, R.P., J.H. Jerome, and J.E. Bruton, 1988: Particulate concentrations in Lake St. Clair as recorded by shipborne multispectral optical monitoring system. Remote Sens. Envir., 25, 201-229. Carder, K.L., and R.G. Steward, 1985: A remote sensing reflectance model of a red tide dinoflagellate off West Florida. Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 286-298. Gordon, H.R., 1981: A preliminary assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm in a horizontally inhomogeneous atmosphere. In: Oceanography from Space, J.F.R. Gower, Ed., Plenum Press, 257-266. Hooker, S.B., W.E. Esaias, G.C. Feldman, W.W. Gregg, and C.R. McClain, 1992: An Overview of SeaWiFS and Ocean Color. NASA Tech. Memo. 105566, Vol. 1, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 24 pp., plus color plates. --, and --, 1993: An overview of the SeaWiFS project. Eos, Trans., Amer. Geophys. Union, T4, 241-246 --, and J. Aiken, 1998: Calibration evaluation and radiometric testing of field radiometers with the SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM). J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15,995-1,007. --, G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean, 1999: The Sea- BOARR-98 Field Campaign. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999- 206892, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 40 pp. ---, and C.R. McClain, 2000: A comprehensive plan for the calibration and validation of SeaWiFS data. Prog. Oceanogr., (in press). , and S. Maritorena, 2000: An evaluation of oceanographic radiometers and deployment methodologies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., (in press). Johnson, B.C., P-S. Shaw, S.B. Hooker, and D. Lynch, 1998: Radiometric and engineering performance of the SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM): A portable light source for field radiometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 1,008-1,022. Lazin, G., 1998: Correction Methods for Low-Altitude Remote Sensing of Ocean Color. M. Sc. Thesis, Dalhousie University, 98 pp. Lee, Z.P., K.L. Carder, R.G. Steward, T.G. Peacock, C.O. Davis, and J.L. Mueller, 1996: Remote sensing reflectance and inherent optical properties of oceanic waters derived from above-water measurements. Proc. SPIE, 2963, 160- 166. McClain, C.R., W.E. Esaias, W. Barnes, B. Guenther, D. Endres, S.B. Hooker, G. Mitchell, and R. Barnes, 1992: Calibration and Validation Plan for SeaWiFS, NASA Tech. Memo. 105566, Vol. 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 41 pp. Morel, A., 1980: In-water and remote measurements of ocean color. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 18, 177-201. 45

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The SeaBOARR-99 , 1988: Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (Case i waters). J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,749-10,768. Mueller, J.L., and R.W. Austin, 1995: Ocean Optics Protocols for SeaWiFS Validation, Revision 1. NASA Tech. Memo. 10,_566, Vol. 25, S.B. Hooker, E.R. Firestone, and J.G. Acker, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 66 pp. Press, W.H., and S.A. Teukolsky, 1992: Fitting straight line data with errors in both coordinates. Computers in Phys., 6, 274-276. Ricker, W.E., 1973: Linear regressions in fishery research. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 30, 409-434. Robins, D.B., A.J. Bale, G.F. Moore, N.W. Rees, S.B. Hooker, C.P. Gallienne, A.G. Westbrook, E. Marafi6n, W.H. Spooner, and S.R. Laney, 1996: AMTol Cruise Report and Preliminary Results. NASA Tech. Memo. I0_566, Vol. 35, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 87 pp. Smith, R.C., and K.S. Baker, 1984: The analysis of ocean optical data. Ocean Optics VII, SPIE, M. Blizard, Ed., 478, 119-126. Waters, K.J., R.C. Smith, and M.R. Lewis, 1990: Avoiding ship induced light-field perturbation in the determination of oceanic optical properties. Oceanogr., 3, 18-21. THE SEAWIFS POSTLAUNCH TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES Vol. 1 Johnson, B.C., J.B. Fowler, and C.L. Cromer, 1998: The Sea- WiFS Transfer Radiometer (SXR). NASA Tech. Memo. 1998-206892, Vol. I, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 58 pp. VoL 2 Aiken, J., D.G. Cummings, S.W. Gibb, N.W. Rees, R. Woodd- Walker, E.M.S. Woodward, J. Woolfenden, S.B. Hooker, J-F. Berthon, C.D. Dempsey, D.J. Suggett, P. Wood, C. Donlon, N. Gonz£1ez-Ben_tez, I. Huskin, M. Quevedo, R. Barciela-Fernandez, C. de Vargas, and C. McKee, 1998: AMT-5 Cruise Report. NASA Tech. Memo. 1998-206892, Vol. 2, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 113 pp. 46 Field Campaign Vol. 3 Hooker, S.B., G. Zibordi, G. Lazin, and S. McLean, 1999: The SeaBOARR-98 Field Campaign. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999-206892, VoL 3, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 40 pp. VO!. 4 Johnson, B.C., E.A. Early, R.E. Eplee, Jr., R.A. Barnes, and R.T. Caffrey, 1999: The 1997 Prelaunch Radiometric Calibration of SeaWiFS. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999-206892, Vol. 4, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eels., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 51 pp. Vol. 5 Barnes, R.A., R.E. Eplee, Jr., S.F. Biggar, K.J. Thome, E.F. Zalewski, P.N. Slater, and A.W. Holmes 1999: The Sea- WiFS Solar Radiation-Based Calibration and the Transferto-Orbit Experiment. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999-206892, Vol. 5, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 28 pp. Vol. 6 Firestone, E.R., and S.B. Hooker, 1999: SeaWiFS Postlannch Technical Report Series Cumulative Index: Volumes 1-5. NASA Tech. Memo. I999-_06899, Vol. 6, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, (in preparation). Vol. 7 Johnson, B.C., H.W. Yoon, S.S. Bruce, P-S. Shaw, A. Thompson, S.B. Hooker, R.E. Eplee, Jr., R.A. Barnes, S. Maritorena, and J.L. Mueller, 1999: The Fifth SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiment (SIRREX-5), July 1996. NASA Tech. Memo. 1999-206899, Vol. 7, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 75 pp. Vo__l.8 Hooker, S.B., and G. Lazin, 2000: The SeaBOARR-99 Field Campaign. NASA Tech. Memo. 2000-906899, Vol. 8, S.B. Hooker and E.R. Firestone, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 46 pp.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE oM8Noo7o4-o188 I Form Approved Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington. VA 222(Y2-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Proiect I0704-0188t, Washin_llon, DC 20503. 1. AGENCYUSE ONLY (Leaveblank) 2. REPORTDATE January 2000 4. TITLEAND SUBTITLE SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series Volume 8: The SeaBOARR-99 Field Campaign 6. AUTHOR(S) Stanford B. Hooker and Gordana Lazin Series Editors: Stanford B. Hooker and Elaine R. Firestone 7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES) Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 3. REPORTTYPE AND DATES COVERED Technical Memorandum 5. FUNDINGNUMBERS Code 970.2 8. PERFORMINGORGANIZATION REPORTNUMBER 2000-01143-0 AGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546-O001 11. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES AGENCYREPORTNUMBER TM--20(O206892, Vol. 8 E.R. Firestone: SAIC General Sciences Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland; G. Lazin: Satlantic, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABiMTYSTATEMENT Unclassified-Unlimited Subject Category 48 Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace t2b. DISTRIBUTIONCODE Information, 7121 Standard Drive. Hanover. MD 21076-1320. (301") 621-0390. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum200words) This report documents the scientific activities during the second Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Bio-Optical Algorithm Round-Robin (SeaBOARR-99) field campaign, which took place from 2 May to 7 June 1999 on board the Royal Research Ship James Clark Ross during the eighth Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise (AMT-8). The ultimate objective of the SeaBOARR activity is to evaluate the effect of different measurement protocols on bio-optical algorithms using data from a variety of field campaigns. The SeaBOARR-99 field campaign was concerned with collecting a high quality data set of simultaneous in-water and above-water radiometric measurements. The deployment goals documented in this report were to: a) use four different surface glint correction methods to compute water-leaving radiances, Lw(.), from above-water data; b) use two different in-water profiling systems and three different methods to compute Lw(,) from in-water data; c) use instruments with a common calibration history to minimize intercatibration uncertainties; d) monitor the calibration stability of the instruments in the field with the original SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM) and a commercial, second-generation device called the SQM-II, thereby allowing a distinction between differences in methods from changes in instrument performance; and e) compare the Lw(_,) values estimated from the above-water and in-water measurements. In addition to describing the instruments deployed and the data collected, a preliminary analysis of part of the SeaBOARR-99 data set is presented (using only the data collected during clear sky, calm sea, and Case-I waters). 14. SUBJECTTERMS 15. NUMBEROF PAGES 46 SeaWiFS, Oceanography, Bio-Optical Algorithm, Round-Robin, SeaBOARR, Field Campaign 17.SECURITYCLASSIRCATION 18. SECURITYCLASSIRCATION OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 16. PRICE CODE 19. SECURITYCLASSIRCATION OF ABSTRACT Unclassified 20. LIMITATIONOF ABSTRACT Unlimited Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)