Limitations

Our online cross-sectional design enabled recruitment of a geographically diverse Canadian sample, including immunocompromised participants. However, reliance on social media recruitment may have biased the sample toward younger, Caucasian groups [69], 70], resulting in limited diversity and reduced generalizability. Computerized cognitive assessments allow for standardized administration, enhanced accessibility, feasibility, and participant comfort in a familiar environment [71], 72]. Although this can introduce variability related to environment, fatigue, distractions, and technology [71], 72], this was mitigated by conducting sessions via Zoom with a trained researcher present throughout the study. Additionally, although treatment-related factors are known to influence cognition [3], unavailable or incomplete patient-reported treatment details prevented covariate analyses, limiting considerations of their influence on cognitive outcomes. Future research should collect detailed medical data to clarify mechanisms underlying cancer-related cognitive dysfunction. Additionally, longitudinal design that include pre-treatment cognitive and neuroimaging assessments would enable stronger causal inferences about the emergence and development of treatment-related cognitive and neural changes.