Conclusion

The stepwise increase in both EtG and BAC across PEth categories underscores the potential of these biomarkers in aiding forensic differentiation between single-occasion and chronic drinking. These findings highlight the importance of integrating PEth and EtG analyses into routine forensic toxicology to enhance the objectivity of alcohol consumption assessments in court proceedings. When drinking patterns and psychophysical conditions are considered, a meaningful improvement in the accuracy of evaluations – and consequently in traffic safety – can be expected.

The findings suggest that single episodes of excessive alcohol intake account for only a minority of alcohol-related criminal offenses.