Conclusion

The past three decades have seen significant progress in understanding how the immune system distinguishes between safety and danger. From Janeway's initial concept of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns to Matzinger's danger theory and the subsequent discovery of alarmins, this field now integrates immunology, cell biology, and clinical medicine. This review synthesizes these concepts to demonstrate that PAMPs and DAMPs operate not as isolated triggers, but as interconnected components of a systemic signaling network. While this network is necessary for immune responses, tissue homeostasis, and interorgan communication, its dysregulation drives various diseases. Future research should focus on translating these mechanistic insights into targeted therapies. Transitioning from broad‐spectrum interventions to precise, context‐dependent modulation will be necessary to resolve pathological inflammation or overcome immune tolerance without impairing the host's basic defenses.