Conclusions

The present study found a high prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among adults residing in rural Gwalior, indicating a considerable burden of elevated blood pressure in the study population. Male sex, excess body weight, high dietary salt intake, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and a family history of hypertension were significantly associated with hypertension. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening primary healthcare services through routine blood pressure screening, health education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, dietary modification, and appropriate follow-up of individuals with elevated blood pressure. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to better understand the temporal relationships between these factors and hypertension.