Conclusions

This study shows evidence of the pre/postnatal therapeutic role of artichoke as prebiotic in improving social impaired behavior in MIA by LPS and VPA-induced rodent models with persistent autistic features. The mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic effects of artichoke as prebiotic should be investigated in the near future. Studies of the protective effects of artichoke are also recommended. A key limitation of this study is the use of only male animals, based on the higher prevalence of ASD in males. This may limit detection of sex-related differences. Including both sexes in future work would provide a more complete understanding of potential sex-dependent mechanisms.