Introduction

Human identification in individuals with advanced stages of decomposition constitutes a significant challenge in forensic medicine, particularly when traditional methods such as friction ridge analysis or DNA profiling become unfeasible [1–3]. In these cases, forensic odontology plays a fundamental role, primarily due to the individuality inherent in the structures of the maxillofacial complex, which can enable human identification. Technical and scientific expertise regarding the anatomical features of the face and dental arches is essential for the effective application of these methods, particularly in cases involving charred, skeletonized, or severely compromised soft tissues [3, 4].

Recognized as one of the primary methods of human identification - according to the DVI Guide [5], which also includes friction ridge analysis, DNA profiling, and surgical implants that may be unique to the victim - forensic odontology is usually associated with the use of teeth for identification. The use of maxillofacial regions is commonly performed by forensic anthropologists and should be well known by forensic experts dedicated to human identification, such as forensic odontologists. This knowledge should include the examination of the paranasal sinuses. Specifically, the frontal sinus exhibits unique morphological patterns in each individual, which can be compared in antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) examinations. Initially, such analyses were limited to two-dimensional (2D) radiographs; however, assessment of the frontal sinus has advanced significantly with the advent of computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) modeling, thereby enhancing the accuracy and reliability of forensic comparisons [6–11].

Computed tomography (CT) has been widely incorporated into both dental and forensic practice, allowing for detailed anatomical reconstructions from multiple cross-sectional image [12]. When combined with 3D superimposition techniques, this approach enables a detailed and comprehensive assessment of individualized anatomy, while reducing artifacts and optimizing image processing time [13]. The scientific literature indicates that this methodology increases the accuracy of the identification process, establishing it as an indispensable tool in forensic institutes.

The present study aims to report a case that illustrates the practical application of CT and 3D superimposition in the identification of an individual at an advanced stage of decomposition, highlighting the potential of these tools in the routine practice of forensic anthropology and odontology.